BIO1011 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Light-Independent Reactions, Photosystem Ii

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6 Jun 2018

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Action spectrum: A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a

particular process

Autotroph: An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances

derived from other organisms. They use energy form the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances to make

organic molecules from inorganic ones

C3 plants: A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material,

forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate

Calvin cycle: The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions) involving fixation of

atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate

Chlorophyll: A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the

membranes of certain prokaryotes.

Chloroplasts: An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive

the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

Cytochrome: An iron-containing protein that is component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and

chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells

Electron transport chain: A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons

down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

Light reactions: The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle)

Metabolic pathway: A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or

breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway)

NAD(P) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate): An electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily

stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions

Phosphorylation: Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO43−) group to a protein or other organic

molecule

Photosystem I: A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some

prokaryotes

Photosystem II: One of the two light-capturing units in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase /oxygenase (rubisco): Enzyme that catalyses the first step of the Calvin

cycle

Solar radiation: Solar radiation is radiant energy emitted by the sun from a nuclear fusion reaction that creates

electromagnetic energy

Thylakoids: A flattened, membrane sac inside a chloroplast

- Often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected

- Their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy

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Document Summary

Action spectrum: a graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process. Autotroph: an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. They use energy form the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones. C3 plants: a plant that uses the calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate co2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate. Calvin cycle: the second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions) involving fixation of atmospheric co2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate. Chlorophyll: a green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chloroplasts: an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

Related Questions

5: chloroplast kept in the dark can continue to make sugar is provided with

A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP

B: CO2, and ATP

C: NADPH, ATP, and CO2

D: NADPH and ATP

E: water and ATP

7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??

A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants

B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants

C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.

D; : Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.?

E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.?

8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light?

A; The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them

.?B; The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra

violet and infrared)

C; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions.

D: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.?

E: : Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light.

9: In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable?

A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength?

B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength

C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis?

D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light?

E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light

11: In order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??

A: CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco.

B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle.

C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low

D: RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2

E: RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight

12: Why isn't oxygen produced by organisms that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A; their membranes lack ATP synthase?

B; They use a different enzyme for the initial reactions of the calvin cycle

C: they use electrons donors other than water

D: their photosystem do not utilize the calvin cycle

E: their chorophyll contains an iron rather than magnesium

tanelk218

1. How many ATP are produced between the kreb cycle and glycolysis
a. 4
b. 24
c. 6-8
d. 2

2. The total molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose is the entire cellular respiration process is (pg 160)
a. 36-38
b. 2-4
c. 6-8
d. 32-38

3. Calvin cycle uses the cellular energy and NADPH to produce _________ from carbon dioxide
a. energy
b. ATP
c. AMP
d. sugar

4. The site of photosynthesis in plants is called the__________
a. chromoplast
b. carotenoids
c. chloroplant
d. chlorophyll

5. T or F The Calvin cycle can also be called the dark cycle of reaction

6. T or F Prokaryotes lack chloroplast but they do have membranes that operates in the same manner

7. What is proton-motive force?
A) the force required to remove an electron from hydrogen
B) the force exerted on a proton by a transmembrane proton concentration gradient
C) the force that moves hydrogen into the intermembrane space
D) the force that moves hydrogen to NAD+
E) the force that moves hydrogen into the mitochondrion

8.In autotrophic bacteria, where are the enzymes located that can carry on carbon fixation (reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate)?

A) in chloroplast membranes
B) in the infolded plasma membrane
C) in chloroplast stroma
D) in the cytosol
E) in the nucleoid

9.Organism that depend on an outside source to produce food for their consumption using the process of photosynthesis are called ______________
a. saprobes
b. chemoautotrophs
c. heterotrophs
d. mixotrophs

10.In many chemical reactions, there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another transfers of electron are called________
a. oxidation
b. reduction
c. redox action
d. metabolism

skyant786

Question 1 Which characteristic(s) of mitochondria andchloroplasts supports their existence as independent prokaryoticcells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells?

Question 1 options: their size presence of their own DNA theirself-replication by binary fission all of these characteristicssupport that mitochondria and chloroplasts were independentprokaryotic cells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells

Question 2 Mitochondria originated from __________, which wereengulfed during __________ endosymbiosis. Chloroplasts originatedfrom __________, which were engulfed during __________endosymbiosis.

Question 2 options: aerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria;primary anaerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria; secondarycyanobacteria; primary; aerobic bacterium; secondary cyanobacteria;primary; aerobic bacterium; primary

Question 3 Saved Secondary endosymbiosis refers to the processby which

Question 3 options: prokaryotes acquired chloroplasts.prokaryotes acquired mitochondria. eukaryotic cells engulfedcyanobacteria. eukaryotic cells with mitochondria engulfed aphotosynthetic.

Question 4 Saved Though there are exceptions, __________ is acommon reproductive strategy among protists.

Question 4 options: sexual reproduction by mitosis asexualreproduction by mitosis binary fission asexual reproduction bymeiosis

Question 5 Protists with chloroplasts are __________ that maketheir own food. Protists that lack chloroplasts ___________ and arethus heterotrophic; this group is generally known as__________.

Question 5 options: parasites; ingest food; protozoansheterotrophs; photosynthesize; plankton photosynthetic autotrophs;ingest or absorb food; protozoans green algae; are parasites;plankton

Question 6 An endosymbiotic protist that does not cause diseaseis likely

Question 6 options: plankton. a protozoan. a parasiticheterotroph. a photosynthetic autotroph.

Question 7 The euglenoids are

Question 7 options: euglenoids can be all of these things.photosynthetic organisms with chloroplasts. heterotrophic organismswithout chloroplasts. flagellated freshwater unicellularorganisms.

Question 8 African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease arecaused by

Question 8 options: amoeboids found in zooplankton. euglenoidswith chloroplasts. photosynthetic protists. parasiticflagellates.

Question 9 Amoeboids feed by

Question 9 options: photosynthesis, by which they make their ownfood in their chloroplasts. phagocytosis, which occurs aspseudopods surround and engulf prey. decomposing dead organisms.absorbing nutrients from their surroundings.

Question 10 Foraminiferans and radiolarians

Question 10 options: share a clade with the amoeboids. areamoeboids with shells called tests. have pseudopods, but are notamoeboids. do not have pseudopods, though they do have shells,called tests.

Question 11 A ciliate might have __________, which dischargestructures that are useful in defense or prey capture.

Question 11 options: anal pores trypanosomes contractilevacuoles trichocysts

Question 12 Ciliates reproduce __________ and have __________ tocontrol metabolism and reproduction.

Question 12 options: both sexually and asexually; two types ofnuclei sexually; a single nucleus asexually; two types of nuclei bybinary fission; a nucleoid

Question 13 The nonmotile apicomplexan Plasmodium vivaxcauses

Question 13 options: Chagas disease. vaginitis. African sleepingsickness. malaria.

Question 14 Which phase of Plasmodium vivaxâs life cycle takesplace in the human liver? In the mosquito carrier?

Question 14 options: the sexual phase; the asexual phase theasexual phase; the sexual phase

Question 15 __________ molds are found in forests, fields, andin soil. They exist in two forms, individual amoeboid __________and diploid multinucleated __________.

Question 15 options: Slime; sporangium; flagellated cells Water;sporangium; flagellated cells Slime; cellular slime molds;plasmodial slime molds Water; cellular water molds; plasmodialwater molds

Question 16 __________ are among the most numerous of allunicellular algae in the oceans and produce a major portion of theearths oxygen supply.

Question 16 options: Red algae Sporozoa DinoflagellatesDiatoms

Question 17 The phenomenon known as red tide is caused by

Question 17 options: population explosions in dinoflagellates.population explosions in red algae. built up remains of diatoms.bacterial invasion of the phytoplankton.

Question 18 The seaweed observed on the shoreline in the northtemperate zone, sometimes called kelp, is

Question 18 options: green algae. blue-green algae. red algae.brown algae.

Question 19 Ice cream, sherbet, and cream cheese are made fromalginate, a pectinlike material produced by __________ algae. Anemulsifying agent used in cosmetics and chocolate, as well as thewrappings for sushi rolls are made from extracts or parts of__________ algae.

Question 19 options: brown; green brown; red red; green green;brown

Question 20 Saved Green algae are believed to be closely relatedto the first plants, and are classified as plants by someauthorities, because both groups

Question 20 options: have a cell wall containing cellulose.possess chlorophylls a and b. All of these choices accuratelycomplete this statement. store reserve food in the form ofstarch.

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BIO1011 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Light-Independent Reactions, Photosystem Ii

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