BIO2242 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Lipophobicity, Pinocytosis, Osmoregulation

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25 May 2018

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Lecture 11 – Excretion

• Exchange ions with environment

Diffusion

• Movement of solutes through a liquid

Osmosis

• Movement of water to balance

concentration

• Semi-permeable membrane

• ‘Osmolarity’ is the sum of osmotically

active particles in solution

• Osmoregulation is the controlled

movement of solutes between internal

fluid and the environment

• Isotonic solution

o Same concentration

• Hypotonic solution

o Concentration lower

• Hypertonic solution

o Higher concentration

Passive Transport

*down concentration gradient

Active

Transport

Bulk Transport

Types of

Transport

Simple

Diffusion

Osmosis

Facilitated

Diffusion

Active

Transport

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Part of

Membrane

Involved?

Phospholipid

Bilayer

Phospholipid

Bilayer

Carrier and

Channel

proteins

Carrier

Proteins

(pump)

Lipid Bilayer (vesicles

formed)

Energy

Required?

Direction of

Movement?

H → L

concentration

H → L

concentration

H → L

concentration

L → H

concentration

L → H concentration

Materials

Transported?

O2, CO2, either

alcohol, water,

urea, fatty acids,

glycerol and

some amino

acids (mostly

lipids)

Water only

Glucose, K+,

Cl-, HCO3-,

some amino

acids,

hydrophilic

(lipophobic)

can’t pass

though

Na+, K+, Cl-,

salt, glucose,

urea. E.g.

absorption of

glucose by cell

in small

intestine.

Large insoluble food particles

- foreign, virus/bacteria

ingested by white blood cells,

mucus-secreted

Fluidity allows membrane to

change shape, break and

reform

How it

Works

Passive net

movement down

concentration

gradient

Hotter, the

faster they move

Across a

partially

permeable

membrane

Involves

specific carrier

protein within

membrane

Against the

concentration

gradient. Energy

is supplied by

ATP. Only takes

place in living

organisms.

‘pinching’ into a

vacuole . Types:

Pinocytosis –

liquids

Phagocytosis –

solids

Receptor-

mediated

Fusion of

vacuole and

membrane for

secretion of

cellular waste.

E.g. insulin

secreted from

cell in pancreas

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Body fluids and compartments

• Regulate intake of water, salt, nutrients and wastes in order to maintain

homeostasis

• Use active transport to modify osmosis and diffusion

• Extent of which organism does this is dictated by environmental conditions

and internal conditions

• Osmoconfomer

o Internal conditions matches external environment

o Saltier water → internal conditions will follow

o Narrow range of which it can survive

o Majority invertebrates

▪ Sea water invertebrates tend to have ion concentrations very

similar to sea water in which they inhabit

• Exchange of ions is very low

▪ Freshwater has a much lower ion concentration

• Hyperosmotic regulator

o Adjust internal conditions independently from external conditions

o Maintain hyperosmotic internal osmotic concentration with respect to

external environment

o Large range of conditions of which it can survive

o Shore crab

Water Balance and Waste Disposal

• Net balance between gain and loss

• Must be controlled

• Animals vary in ability and tolerance

Water Loss

Water Gain

• Evaporation

o From body surface

o From respiratory surface

• Osmosis

• Faeces

• Urine

• Other secretions (e.g. sweat)

• Drinking

• Uptake via body surface

• From water (osmosis)

• From air

• Water in food

• Metabolic water (sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O)

o High metabolic rate will produce

more water

o Australian marsupials in low

temperature, their temperature will

increase → don’t need to drink

water

Waste Disposal

• Hydrolyse ingested proteins and cellular proteins → amino acids and ammonia

as by product (fish)

• Birds and reptiles produce uric acids

• Mammals produce urea

• Sharks retain some urea as osmoregulatory component

Osmoregulation in Freshwater

• Invertebrates and vertebrates have similar challenge

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Document Summary

Lecture 11 excretion: exchange ions with environment. O2, co2, either alcohol, water, urea, fatty acids, glycerol and some amino acids (mostly lipids) Cl-, hco3-, some amino acids, hydrophilic (lipophobic) can"t pass though. E. g. absorption of glucose by cell in small intestine. Foreign, virus/bacteria ingested by white blood cells, mucus-secreted. Fluidity allows membrane to change shape, break and reform. Fusion of vacuole and membrane for secretion of cellular waste. Diffusion: movement of solutes through a liquid. Osmosis: movement of water to balance concentration, semi-permeable membrane. Osmolarity" is the sum of osmotically active particles in solution: osmoregulation is the controlled movement of solutes between internal fluid and the environment. Isotonic solution: same concentration, hypotonic solution, concentration lower, hypertonic solution, higher concentration. Water balance and waste disposal: net balance between gain and loss, must be controlled, animals vary in ability and tolerance. Water loss: evaporation, from body surface, from respiratory surface, osmosis, faeces, urine, other secretions (e. g. sweat)

Related Questions

I have this questions for my homework i need help with them look please it is important i need help so please give me the correct answers for each question and also please be clear to understand and aslo be correct it is very important becuase i need them so i really need the right answers. please help me and on Questions 6 and 9 please help me with it hope you can help me with the correct answers please

Question 5

At a constant temperature, if you increase the number of unsaturated fatty acid chains in the phospholipid, the membrane will become......

less fluid

more fluid

fluidity will be unchanged

Question 6

Bacteria in a hot spring at 80 degrees celsius would be expected to have ______________ in their cell membrane

high proportions of saturated phospholipids

high proportions of unsaturated phospholipids

an equal ratio of saturated to unsaturated phospholipid

Question 7

Membrane proteins have an important role in membrane fluidity

True

False

Question 8

The HIV virus can't attach to cells that have a mutation in the CCR5 gene and so such individuals are resistant to HIV. What population of people have a higher incidence of the mutant CCR5 gene and why?

europeans because their ancestors survived the bubonic plague

North Americans because their ancestors survived small pox

europeans because they have a longer evolutionary past with HIV

Africans because they have a longer evolutionary past with HIV

Question 9

Nematode trapping fungi have ______________ molecules called ______________ that recognize specific carbohydrates on the surface of the nematode worms. This is how a fungus can recognize that its prey, the nematode worm, has wriggled into the loop. Write two words on lowercase separated by a space with no other syntax

Question 10

Diffusion requires energy

True

False

Question 11

The net direction of molecule movement when molecules diffuse is

down their concentration gradient

random directions

Question 12

In osmosis, water molecules from a solution of higher solute concentration cross a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of lower solute concentration?

True

False

Question 13

Which best defines osmosis?

In osmosis, water from a solution of lower solute concentration move across a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of higher solute concentration?

In osmosis, water from a solution of higher solute concentration move across a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of lower solute concentration?

Question 14

Animal cells placed into a hypotonic solution would most likely?

lyse (burst)

shrink

remain unchanged in size

Question 15

Glucose and amino acids move into cells via carrier proteins, the same protein can move glucose or amino acids

True

False

Question 16

ATP powered pumps move substances into and out of cells by diffusion?

True

False

Question 17

For every 3 Na ions moved out, 2 K ions are moved into a cell by one cycle of the sodium-potassium pump.

True

False

Question 18

Bulk transport of fluid and any of the substances within that fluid is called

pinocytosis

phagocytosis

receptor-mediated endocytosis

exocytosis

Question 5

At a constant temperature, if you increase the number of unsaturated fatty acid chains in the phospholipid, the membrane will become......

less fluid

more fluid

fluidity will be unchanged

Question 6

Bacteria in a hot spring at 80 degrees celsius would be expected to have ______________ in their cell membrane

high proportions of saturated phospholipids

high proportions of unsaturated phospholipids

an equal ratio of saturated to unsaturated phospholipid

Question 7

Membrane proteins have an important role in membrane fluidity

True

False

Question 8

europeans because their ancestors survived the bubonic plague

North Americans because their ancestors survived small pox

europeans because they have a longer evolutionary past with HIV

Africans because they have a longer evolutionary past with HIV

Question 9

Question 10

Diffusion requires energy

True

False

Question 11

The net direction of molecule movement when molecules diffuse is

down their concentration gradient

random directions

Question 12

In osmosis, water molecules from a solution of higher solute concentration cross a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of lower solute concentration?

True

False

Question 13

Which best defines osmosis?

In osmosis, water from a solution of lower solute concentration move across a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of higher solute concentration?

In osmosis, water from a solution of higher solute concentration move across a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of lower solute concentration?

Question 14

Animal cells placed into a hypotonic solution would most likely?

lyse (burst)

shrink

remain unchanged in size

Question 15

Glucose and amino acids move into cells via carrier proteins, the same protein can move glucose or amino acids

True

False

Question 16

ATP powered pumps move substances into and out of cells by diffusion?

True

False

Question 17

For every 3 Na ions moved out, 2 K ions are moved into a cell by one cycle of the sodium-potassium pump.

True

False

Question 18

Bulk transport of fluid and any of the substances within that fluid is called

pinocytosis

phagocytosis

receptor-mediated endocytosis

exocytosis

1) Which of the following is a component of a vertebrate kidney? (Select all correct choices.)

		glomerulus
		Bowman's capsule
		renal tubules
		collecting ducts
		Malphigian tubules

In organisms, the ability to control osmosis depends on the properties of the plasma membranes of individual cells. Based on their ability to permit the free movement of water and some solutes, these membranes are best described as: (select all correct choices)

		impermeable.
		permeable.
		semipermeable.
		diffusible.
		impervious.

3)I selected cortex; inner medulla, it was wrong.

The loops of Henle create a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop, with the concentration highest in the ____________ and lowest in the ____________ of the kidney.

		inner medulla; cortex
		outer medulla; inner medulla
		outer medulla; cortex
		cortex; inner medulla
		cortex; outer medulla

The main solutes in the filtrate as it enters the distal convoluted tubule are: (select all correct choices)

		urea.
		electrolytes.
		other wastes.
		amino acids.
		nucleotides.

5) Ensure all correct choices are selected, for this question I only selected osmosis and it was wrong,

Water moves by: (select all correct choices)

		random molecular motion.
		active transport.
		passive transport.
		osmosis.
		facilitated diffusion

Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction: (select all correct choices)

	requires less investment in attracting mates.
	allows much more rapid population growth.
	is rarely found as the sole mechanism of reproduction.
	results in the production of genetically identical cells or individuals.
	involves meiosis and fertilization as core processes.

A key difference between hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems of males and females is that:

	LH and FSH are released only in females.
	LH and FSH are released only in males.
	LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males.
	LH is released in males and FSH is released in females.
	LH is released continuously in males and FSH is released cyclically in females.

True or false: In response to LH and FSH, ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.

	true
	false

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, if the oocyte is not fertilized, a number of events occur which are listed below. Select the answer that places the events in the correct chronological order.

Events:
1. the lining of the uterus is shed
2. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
3. follicle cells are converted to the corpus luteum
4. the corpus luteum degenerates
5. estrogen and progesterone levels fall

	3, 2, 4, 5, 1
	1, 2, 3, 4, 5
	2, 4, 3, 1, 5
	4, 3, 2, 1, 5
	5, 2, 3, 4, 1

10)

If an antibody is missing its Fc fragment, what would happen if this antibody encounters its target antigen in the bloodstream? Select all correct choices.

	The antibody would be able to bind the antigen at a specific epitope.
	The antibody would be able to bind the antigen, but not at an epitope site.
	The antibody would not be able to bind to the antigen.
	The antibody would be able to activate components of the complement system.
	The antibody would not be able to activate components of the complement system.

11)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individualâs immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.

	Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
	Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
	Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
	Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

12)

Which of the following statements is true regarding T cell receptors? Select all correct choices.

	They recognize antigen-MHC complexes.
	They contain variable and constant regions.
	They are composed of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains.
	They are formed by the rearrangement of V, J, C, and D gene segments.
	They can be found in the bloodstream independent of T cells.

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BIO2242 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Lipophobicity, Pinocytosis, Osmoregulation

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