PYB100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Word Salad, Externality, Therapeutic Relationship
20 Jun 2018
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PYB100 LECTURE 12
Psychological Disorders II
Outline
Psychological disorders continued from lecture 11
oSchizophrenia
Treatment
Schizophrenia Spectrum & other Psychotic Disorders
Symptoms
Positive symptoms
oExcesses of behaviour or the presence of behaviours that are not
usually or previously seen:
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganised speech or behaviour
oPositive: adding something
Negative symptoms
oAbsence of normal behaviours, including:
Emotional flattening
Apathy
Social withdrawal
oNegative: absence of something
Spectrum: umbrella term for broad number of disorders in certain category
Occurs mid to late teenage years or early adulthood.
Causes can vary for different individuals.
Active phase: more positive symptoms.
Residual/Remission phase: fewer positive symptoms, negative symptoms.
What Schizophrenia is NOT
Myth: Schizophrenia is a split personality
Fact: People with schizophrenia have only one personality. The word comes
from the Greek meaning 'split' and 'mind' - this is where the confusion may have
started. It was referring to a fragmentation of thought processes
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Delusions
A false belief that a person holds without any objective evidence
Have different categories
Examples:
oDelusions of persecution
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Holds strong false belief that they are being followed, spied on,
threatened in some way. Being persecuted by someone or entity.
oDelusions of reference
Sending special message to individual. Has special meaning for
individual. Neutral or innocuous objects are interpreted as specialised
messages (e.g. newsreader on TV)
Delusional Behaviour vs Irrational Belief
Not amenable to reason
Run counter to the beliefs held by others within the same socio-cultural
environment
Exerts a negative and pervasive impact on all aspects of functioning
Inability to communicate belief in such a way that holds any relevance to
others
Delusion is in no way to amenable to reason, even when presented with
objective evidence
Characterised by difficulty or inability to communicate their false belief -
difficult to articulate
Hallucinations
False sensory perceptions, experienced as real, but are not based on external
stimuli
Experienced as real
Hallucinations are not exclusive to schizophrenia
They are 'internally generated'
Hallucinations can occur in any modality:
Auditory
oNoise
oMusic
oVoices (single words or whole conversation)
Most common form of hallucination
Visual
oSeeing things that are not there
Tactile
oSensation on outside of one's body (e.g. burning, itching of skin)
Somatic
oSensation inside one's body (e.g. worms eating intestines)
Olfactory
oSmelling non-existent odours
Gustatory
oStrange or unpleasant tastes
Auditory
Usually experienced as one or more voices clearly identified as being external to the
person.
Most common.
Content:
Commands – direct instructions
Commentary – running commentary on their behaviour
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find more resources at oneclass.com
PYB100 LECTURE 12
Externality – own thoughts spoken aloud, everyone can hear thoughts.
Third-person – several different voices talking about them in third-person
Thought Disorder
Disturbances in the speed or amount of thinking
Poverty of content
Adequate number of words, but little information is transmitted
Flight of ideas
Rapid
Continuous verbalisations
Disturbances in logical connection between ideas - loosening of associations
Circumstantial
Delayed in reaching goal
Tangential
Answer to direct question has 'slipped off track'
Word salad
Unintelligible
Individual words are real, but strung together incorrectly
Jumbled together
Also in Dementia
Also in language disorders
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Excesses of behaviour or the presence of behaviours that are not usually or previously seen: Spectrum: umbrella term for broad number of disorders in certain category. Occurs mid to late teenage years or early adulthood. Fact: people with schizophrenia have only one personality. The word comes from the greek meaning "split" and "mind" - this is where the confusion may have started. It was referring to a fragmentation of thought processes. A false belief that a person holds without any objective evidence. Holds strong false belief that they are being followed, spied on, threatened in some way. Neutral or innocuous objects are interpreted as specialised messages (e. g. newsreader on tv) Run counter to the beliefs held by others within the same socio-cultural environment. Exerts a negative and pervasive impact on all aspects of functioning. Inability to communicate belief in such a way that holds any relevance to others.
