NUTR2003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Malabsorption, Stress Management
NUTR2003 LECTURE TEN
Adults
Nutritional aspects of adulthood:
• Changes with hormonal shifts
• Body weight and obesity
• Water and fluid intake
• Physical activity
• Alcohol
Public health nutrition concerns:
• Food insecurity
• Obesity related chronic diseases - type 2 diabetes, CVD, cancers
• Osteoporosis
Dietary approaches to prevention and control
Definition of adulthood in the life cycle:
Early adulthood: ages 20-39 years
Midlife: ages 40-64 years
Old age: 65+
Importance of nutrition:
Food: a source of fuel, enjoyment, comfort, and a symbol of traditions, rituals and celebrations
Health: not just the absence of a disease 'complete physical, mental and social wellbeing'
Wellbeing: to develop the maximal potential of an individual within their own environments
Work vs leisure
Personal needs vs expectations of others
Lifestyle choices vs health risks
Physiological changes of adulthood:
• Maintaining physical status (muscle strength)
• Avoiding excess fat (especially around the midriff)
• Adequate nutrition needed to replace body cells
Sensory changes:
• Taste sensations robust until age 60
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• Conditions associated with impaired olfaction in younger adults include: nasal congestion, upper
respiratory tract infections, stroke, epilepsy, smoking
Men: climacteric
• Gradual decline in testosterone begins at age 40-50
• Dietary factors linked to changes: underweight (decreased sperm), malnutrition (decreased libido),
alcohol (defective sperm
• Body weight rises beginning ~ age 40
Women: menopause
• Cessation of menstruation, iron needs decrease from 18 to 8mg/day
• Loss of oestrogen leads to: atrophy of urinary tract and vagina, increased abdominal fat, risk of
osteoporosis and heart disease
• HRT no longer prescribed to maintain bone density
Oestrogen: raises triglycerides, lowers LDL cholesterol, raises HDL cholesterol, slows calcium loss,
increases insulin sensitivity, decreases homocysteine
Progesterone: lowers triglycerides, raises LDL cholesterol, lowers HDL cholesterol
Body weight and obesity
• Energy for weight management
• Caloric expenditure declines ~20% during adulthood due to decrease in metabolic rate and activity
level
• Energy expenditure remains constant IF fat-free body mass stays constant
Factors that impact energy needs:
• Gender/body size/muscle mass
• Activity levels
• Health status
• Hormones
• Individual variation
Estimated Energy requirements: Australia uses the Schofield equations, as recommended by WHO
Australian Energy Intake
Males +3.4% in 12 years
Females +4.5% in 12 years
Burden of Disease in Australia
Most of the BOD in 2011 was from chronic diseases: cancer -> CVD -> mental and substance use
disorders -> musculoskeletal conditions -> injuries
Together accounted for around 2/3 total BOD Australia
Health risk factors Australian adults 25-44
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Document Summary
Nutritional aspects of adulthood: changes with hormonal shifts, body weight and obesity, water and fluid intake, physical activity, alcohol. Public health nutrition concerns: obesity related chronic diseases - type 2 diabetes, cvd, cancers, osteoporosis. Food: a source of fuel, enjoyment, comfort, and a symbol of traditions, rituals and celebrations. Health: not just the absence of a disease "complete physical, mental and social wellbeing" Wellbeing: to develop the maximal potential of an individual within their own environments. Physiological changes of adulthood: maintaining physical status (muscle strength, avoiding excess fat (especially around the midriff, adequate nutrition needed to replace body cells. Sensory changes: taste sensations robust until age 60, conditions associated with impaired olfaction in younger adults include: nasal congestion, upper respiratory tract infections, stroke, epilepsy, smoking. Men: climacteric: gradual decline in testosterone begins at age 40-50, dietary factors linked to changes: underweight (decreased sperm), malnutrition (decreased libido), alcohol (defective sperm, body weight rises beginning ~ age 40.
