NUTR1023 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Birth Weight, Low-Density Lipoprotein, Cohort Study
NUTR1023 Module Two: Physical Exercise and Health
Physical Exercise and Health
• "All parts of the body which have a function, if used in moderation and exercised in
labours to which each is accustomed, become thereby healthy and well developed and
age slowly; but in unused and left idle, they become liable to disease, defective in
growth and age quickly." -- Hippocrates
• Modern understanding of exercise and health started to develop with the pioneering
work of Londoner Jerry Morris in the 1940s and 50s. He compared the work style of 31,
000 bus drivers and conductors. Drivers were sedentary in their workplace, while
conductors constantly on the more and more active. He compared the rates of coronary
heart disease. The risk of the disease was higher in the drivers compared to the
conductors. There were 2.7% cases of coronary heart disease per 1, 000 bus driver
participants, whereas it was only 1.9% of cases per 1000 conductors
• There are several factors contributing to health than just exercise
• Broad features of society:
-culture
-affluence
-social cohesion
-social inclusion
-political structures
-media
-language
• Natural built:
-geographical location
-remoteness
-latitude
• Socio-economic characteristics:
-education
-employment
-income and wealth
-family, neighbourhood
-access to services
-housing
-migration/refugee status
-food security
• Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs
-health literacy
• Health behaviours:
-tobacco use
-alcohol consumption
-dietary behaviour
-use of illicit drugs
-sexual practice
-vaccinations
• Psychological factors:
-stress
-trauma and torture
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• Safety factors:
-risk taking, violence
-OH&S
• Biomedical factors:
-birth weight
-body weight
-blood pressure
-blood cholesterol
-glucose intolerance
-immune status
• Individual physical and psychological make-up
-genetics
-gender
-ageing
-life course
-intergenerational influences
• It is often researched to conclude whether the inclusion of physical activity is a primary
of secondary prevention of disease, or both
• Primary prevention prevents disease before it occurs, focusing often on healthy people
without disease
• Secondary prevention is the reduction of the progression of an existing disease, and
focusses on people with diagnosed diseases or identified risk factors
• To research these kinds of concepts, it is important to know the difference between
-physical activity: any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that expends
energy; and
-exercise: a type of physical activity that involves planned, structured and repetitive
movement, usually with the intent of improving physical fitness; and
-physical fitness: the ability to meet the demands of daily life safely and effectively
without undue fatigue. Fitness components such as speed, strength, power, endurance
that relate to the ability to successfully perform skilful activities and athletic events
• There are numerous domains of physical activity:
-leisure
-sport
-transport
-exercise
-occupation
-house and yard
• Being more active has many benefits:
-reduced risk of, or help manage, CVD
-reduced risk of, or help manage, type 2 diabetes
-maintenance and/or improvement of blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar levels
-reduced risk of, and assistance when rehabilitating from, some cancers
-helps prevent unhealthy weight gain and assists with weight loss
-build strong muscles and bones
-creates opportunities for socialising and meeting new people
-helps prevent and manage mental health issues
-helps develop and maintain overall physical and mental well-being
Morality
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Document Summary
- hippocrates: modern understanding of exercise and health started to develop with the pioneering work of londoner jerry morris in the 1940s and 50s. Drivers were sedentary in their workplace, while conductors constantly on the more and more active. He compared the rates of coronary heart disease. The risk of the disease was higher in the drivers compared to the conductors. There were 2. 7% cases of coronary heart disease per 1, 000 bus driver participants, whereas it was only 1. 9% of cases per 1000 conductors: there are several factors contributing to health than just exercise, broad features of society: Physical activity: any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that expends energy; and. Exercise: a type of physical activity that involves planned, structured and repetitive movement, usually with the intent of improving physical fitness; and. Physical fitness: the ability to meet the demands of daily life safely and effectively without undue fatigue.
