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HUBS1403 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Maltose, Trans Fat, Hydrogenation

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School
University of Newcastle
Department
Human Biosciences
Course
HUBS1403
Professor
karen mate

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Carbohydrates and Lipids
Reactions that occur in the body
Metabolism
• All the chemical reactions occurring in cells and tissues of your body at any moment
o Provide the energy needed to maintain homeostasis, also growth, maintenance and
repair, secretion and contraction
• Cells remain alive by controlling the types and rated of chemical reactions
Energy transfer in chemical reactions
• Exergonic reactions
o Release more energy than they absorb
• Endergonic reactions
o Absorb more energy than they absorb
Coupling of Reactions
• Energy released from an exergonic reaction is often used to drive an endergonic reaction
Three types of chemical reactions
1. Decomposition or catabolism
Molecule AB ---> breaks down into A + B
2. Synthesis or anabolism
A + B combine to form ---> AB
3. Exchange or displacement
AB + CD --> AD + BC
Reversible Reactions
Breaks down
AB <----------------------> A+B
Combines
Catalysts
• Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
o Enzymes are catalysts
Classes of Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
• High energy compounds eg ATP
Carbohydrates
• Contain, C, H, O in an approximate ration 1:2:1
• Include the sugars and starches
o <3% of body weight
Functions
• Energy source (immediate and storage forms)
• Integral part of DNA and RNA
• Cell-cell recognition
Subdivided into:
• Monosaccharides -
o simple sugars
3-7 carbon atoms eg glucose C6H12O6
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Document Summary

Energy transfer in chemical reactions: exergonic reactions, release more energy than they absorb, endergonic reactions, absorb more energy than they absorb. Coupling of reactions: energy released from an exergonic reaction is often used to drive an endergonic reaction. Three types of chemical reactions: decomposition or catabolism. Molecule ab ---> breaks down into a + b: synthesis or anabolism. A + b combine to form ---> ab: exchange or displacement. Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy: enzymes are catalysts. Lipids: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, high energy compounds eg atp. Carbohydrates: contain, c, h, o in an approximate ration 1:2:1. Include the sugars and starches: <3% of body weight. Functions: energy source (immediate and storage forms, cell-cell recognition. Trans fats what are they: a trans configuration has hydrogens on opposite sides of the carbon chain, making a straight instead of bent molecule, they are present in partially hydrogenated vegetable oil.

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Related Questions

Question 1 When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of _________.
a. heat
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. light energy
e. mechanical energy

Question 2 Which of the following is exergonic?
a. binding fatty acids and glycerol molecules together to form lipids
b. building proteins from amino acids
c. binding sugars molecules together to form glycogen
d. breaking bonds in starch to release glucose
e. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 3 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a. energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b. the universe is increasing in entropy.
c. all living organisms must eat to derive energy.
d. energy is required to bring molecules into a cell against a concentration gradient.
e. in energy-yielding reactions, matter goes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state.

Question 4 Which of the following is true of energy?
a. It can be transferred from one form to another with 100 percent efficiency.
b. It can be created.
c. It can be stored in chemical bonds.
d. It can never be stored.
e. It can be released by forming chemical bonds.

Question 5 Metabolism is:
a. the sum of all the energy a cell uses.
b. the sum of all the vitamins a cell contains.
c. the sum of all the enzymes a cell contains.
d. the sum of all the chemical reactions that an organism carries out.
e. the sum of all the ATP a cell contains.

Question 6 Entropy is the measure of ________ in a system.
a. disorder
b. order
c. energy
d. work
e. heat

Question 7 What percentage of the energy stored in glucose are humans cells able to use to do useful work?
a. 37%
b. 100%
c. 15%
d. 52%
e. 48%

Question 8 What is activation energy?
a. the energy gained by living things, allowing them to remain active
b. the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
c. the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction
d. the energy created by enzymes during exergonic reactions
e. the energy lost by living things in the form of heat

Question 9 Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
a. Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
b. Their activity can be reduced when a coenzyme binds to them.
c. Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
d. Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme.

Question 10 Which of the following is a true statement about enzymes?
a. They are made of proteins.
b. They are altered by the reactions they catalyze.
c. They increase the energy of activation of chemical reactions.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.

Question 11 What is the energy currency of cells?
a. ADP
b. enzymes
c. glucose
d. vitamins
e. ATP

Question 12 Kinetic energy is ____________, while potential energy is _____________.
a. stored energy; energy that is being used
b. stored energy; energy that can't be used
c. energy that is being used; stored energy
d. energy that can't be used; stored energy

Question 13 The energy released during ________ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions, and this is called ________ reactions.
a. exergonic; endergonic; coupled
b. endergonic; exergonic; coupled
c. exergonic; endergonic; mutually dependent
d. coupled; mutually dependent; independent
e. endergonic; exergonic; mutually dependent

Question 14 ADP + P + Energy --> ATP Which of the following is a true statement about the chemical reaction above?
a. This is a coupled reaction.
b. This is an exergonic reaction.
c. The product of the reaction contains more energy than that of all of the reactants combined.
d. This is an endergonic reaction.
e. This is an example of a catabolic reaction.