ESH380 Lecture 5: Week 5- How to Build Your Own Computer
9 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Reading
•
---Henderson*&*Romeo*(2015)*Chapter*22
---Susan*Edwards*(Chapter*22)*(birth-8yrs)
---Bell,*T.,*Witten,*I.*&*Fellows,*M.*(2010) Computer*Science*unplugged.*
Csunplugged.org.
---Turing,*A.*M.*(1950).*Computing*Machinery*and*Intelligence. Mind 59*(236)*
433-460http://phil415.pbworks.com/f/TuringComputing.pdf.
---Australian Information Industry Association (AIIA) (2015). Digital skills
& careers: Building the skills today for the jobs of tomorrow .
•
Explaining-Binary-Numbers
•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ry1hpm1GXVI**
Representations
---Data*in*a*computer*is*represented*as*ones*and*zeros*(called*binary*digits,*or*
bits).*Early*computers*used*bytes*of*8*bits.*These*were*sufficient*to*represent*
numbers*from*0*to*255,*or*the*letters*of*the*alphabet.*This*diagram*shows*
some*of*these*8-bit*bytes.
---Over*time,*the*basic*unit*of*computer*storage*has*increased*to*64*bits:*this*
is*more*expensive*in*storage,*but*by*processing*larger* amounts*of*data*in*
each*clock*cycle,*makes*the*throughput*of*information*faster.
---In*addition,*many*computers*have*more*than*one*processor,*but*8*seems*
to*be*the*current*maximum*in*most*consumer*machines.*
---Super*computers*may*have*a*network*of*hundreds*of*processors*working*in*
parallel*on*a*problem.
---The*origins*of*Unicode*date*to*1987,*when*Joe*Becker from*Xerox and*Lee*
Collins*and*Mark*Davis from*Apple started*investigating*the*practicalities*of*
creating*a*universal*character*set.
---Unicode*is*developed*in*conjunction*with*the*International*Organization*for*
Standardization
---Unicode*covers*almost*all*scripts*(writing*systems)*in*current*use*today.
•
Switches
---Two*switches*in*a*circuit*build*a*simple*AND*gate*–both*must*be*closed*to*
light*the*lamp.
---In*a*computer*we*use*binary*systems*–a*circuit*can*be*active*(represented*
by*the*number*one*,*or*high*voltage)*or*inactive*(represented*by*zero,*or*low*
voltage)
•
Electronic-Switches
---A*transistor*is*an*electronic*switch.*This*picture*shows*the*workbench*of*
John*Bardeen*and*Walter*Brattain*at*Bell*Laboratories.*They*were*supposed*
to*be*doing*fundamental*research*about*crystal*surfaces.*The*experimental*
results*hadn't*been*very*good,*though,*and*there's*a*rumour*that*their*boss,*
William* Shockley,*came*near*to*cancelling*the*project.*But*in*1947,*they*
switched*to*using*tremendously*pure*materials.*And*it*dawned*on*them*that*
they*could*build*the*circuit*in*the*picture.
---So*two*transistors*can*be*connected*together*to*make*an*AND*gate.
•
Logic-Gates
---Just*as*two*transistors*can*make*an*AND*gate,*other*similar*circuits*can*be*
fashioned*to*create*other*logical*functions.
•
http://cs.brown.edu/~tld/publications/books/talking/web/home-Z-H-13.html
---Combinations*of*logic*gates*can*be*used*to*make*circuits*which*perform*
mathematical*functions.
Full-Adder
---Two*half-adder*units*are*combined*to*make*a*full*adder*capable*of*adding*
two*binary*digits*(bits)
•
Processor
---Circuits*such*as*full*adders*are*combined*together*on*small*blocks*of*silicon*
as*integrated*circuits*to*make*processors*and*other*functional*components*of*
computers.*This*diagram*shows*the*parts*inside*a*small*processor.*
http://radar.tpub.com/TM-11-5841-287-30/TM-11-5841-287-300092.htm
•
---Here*is*another*processor.*Notice*the*L2*cache,*part*of*the*hierarchy*of*
store*in*our*overall*computer*architecture.*
http://en.kioskea.net/contents/408-processor
Von-Neuman-Computer
---John&von&Neumann (pron.:*/vɒn ˈnɔɪmən/;*December*28,*1903*–February*
8,*1957)*was*a*Hungarian-born*American*mathematician and*polymath.
---Although*the*single-memory,*stored*program*architecture*is*commonly*
called*von*Neumann*architecture as*a*result*of*von*Neumann's*paper,*the*
architecture's*description*was*based*on*the*work*of*J.*Presper*Eckert and*
John*William*Mauchly,*inventors*of*the*ENIAC*at*the*University*of*
Pennsylvania
---Von*Neumann*also*created*the*field*of*cellular* automata without*the*aid*of*
computers,*constructing*the*first*self-replicating automata*with*pencil*and*
graph*paper.*
---Generally*electronic*(could*be*mechanical,*could*be*fluidic)
•
Alternatives&to&Von&Neuman&Computer&(Flynn's*taxonomy*of*computer*
architectures)
---“Single&instruction&stream&single&data&stream&(SISD):&A*sequential*
computer*which*exploits*no*parallelism*in*either*the*instruction*or*data*
streams.*Single*control*unit*(CU)*fetches*single*instruction*stream*(IS)*from*
memory.*The*CU*then*generates*appropriate*control*signals*to*direct*single*
processing*element*(PE)*to*operate*on*single*data*stream*(DS)*i.e.,*one*
operation*at*a*time.
Examples*of*SISD*architecture*are*the*traditional*uniprocessor machines*like*
older*personal*computers (PCs;*by*2010,*many*PCs*had*multiple*cores)*and*
mainframe*computers.
---Single&instruction&stream,&multiple&data&streams&(SIMD):&A*computer*
which*exploits*multiple*data*streams*against*a*single*stream*to*perform*
operations*which*may*be*naturally*parallelized.*For*example,*an*array*
processor or*graphics*processing*unit (GPU)
---Multiple&instruction&streams,&single&data&stream&(MISD):&Multiple*
instructions*operate*on*one*data*stream.*Uncommon*architecture*which*is*
generally*used*for*fault*tolerance.*Heterogeneous*systems*operate*on*the*
same*data*stream*and*must*agree*on*the*result.*Examples*include*the*Space*
Shuttle flight*control*computer.
---Multiple&instruction&streams,&multiple&data&streams&(MIMD):&Multiple*
autonomous*processors*simultaneously*executing*different*instructions*on*
different*data.*MIMD*architectures*include*multi-core superscalar processors,*
and*distributed*systems,*using*either*one*shared*memory*space*or*a*
distributed*memory*space.”
•
Transputer
---The*transputer*processor*has*processor*and*memory*storage*elements*on*
the*same*integrated*circuit*chip.*Transputers*can*be*linked*together*in*arrays.*
This*gives*the*capability*to*process*a*great*deal*of*information*
simultaneously.*The*are*used*in*some*space*satellites.
•
http://www.transputer.net/tn/52/tn52.html
http://cs.smith.edu/~thiebaut/transputer/chapter9/chap9-4.html
Processor-Cycle-of-a-Von-Neuman-Computer
---A*clock*inside*the*computer*triggers*the*fetch-process-store*loop*very*
many*times*per*second*in*a*computer.
•
Operating-Systems
---An*operating*system*connects*specific*computer*hardware*with*application*
programs.*So*you*can*run*the*same*program*(perhaps*the*GIMP)*on*
computers*constructed*by*many*different*companies*(Lenovo,*Asus,*Fujitsu*
etc)*provided*they*all*have*the*same*operating*system*(perhaps*Microsoft*
Windows*7).
•
Common-Operating-Systems
---A*program*application*written*for*ONE*operating*system*will*not*work*with*
another
•
Windows
Windows&95
Windows&7
Windows&8
Windows&RT
Windows&10
Mac+OS
OS&X&(Sierra)
iOS
Linux
Debian
Ubuntu
Common-Processor-Families
---Intel*(USA)*processors*have*been*used*in*most*desktop*and*laptop*
computers*since*the*IBM*PC*was*first*made.*Their*standard*instructions*set*
(the*menu*of*individual*operations*they*can*carry*out)*has*made*backwards*
compatibility*possible*–old*programs*will*still*run*on*new*machines*(by*and*
large).
---However,*the*Intel*processors*have*a*LARGE*instruction*set,*making*them*
quite*complex*machines.*An*early*design*from*England*is*a*Reduced*
Instruction*Set*Computing*processor,*or*RISC*machine*from*a*firm*called*ARM*
Holdings*(Acorn*RISC*Machines).*This*is*much*more*efficient,*using*a*small*
instruction*set,*and*which*therefore*uses*less*electrical* power.
---Because*of*their*lower*power*consumption*(and*hence*extended*battery*
life)*about*97%*of*all*handheld*devices*(phones,*tablets,*cameras)*and*up*to*
27%*of*laptop*computers*use*ARM*processors*instead*of*Intel*processors,.
---Some*operating*system*makers*are*now*coding*for*BOTH*processor*
families.
•
Intel AMD ARM
X86*(32*bits)
64*bits
}*same RISC*architecture
Hard-Drives-and-Solid-State-Drives
---A*conventional*hard*drive*stores*data*in*non-volatile*memory*(it*does*not*
lose*the*information*when*the*electric* power*is*switched*off)*by*magnetising*
small*elements*of*the*metal*disk*surface*(platter).
---A*solid*state*hard*drive*uses*special*memory*chips*instead*of*a*rotating*
platter.*These*are*faster*and*becoming*cheaper.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hard_drive-en.svg
•
Conclusion
---Computer*technologies*continue*to*develop
---Consider*students*taking*on*the*role*of*different*computer*components*to*
dramaticise*the*processor*cycle.
•
Week$5-How$to$Build$Your$Own$Computer
Tuesday,* 20*March*2018
4:58*pm
Reading•
---Henderson*&*Romeo*(2015)*Chapter*22
---Susan*Edwards*(Chapter*22)*(birth-8yrs)
---Bell,*T.,*Witten,*I.*&*Fellows,*M.*(2010) Computer*Science*unplugged.*
Csunplugged.org.
---Turing,*A.*M.*(1950).*Computing*Machinery*and*Intelligence. Mind 59*(236)*
433-460http://phil415.pbworks.com/f/TuringComputing.pdf.
---Australian Information Industry Association (AIIA) (2015). Digital skills
& careers: Building the skills today for the jobs of tomorrow .
•
Explaining-Binary-Numbers•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ry1hpm1GXVI**
Representations
---Data*in*a*computer*is*represented*as*ones*and*zeros*(called*binary*digits,*or*
bits).*Early*computers*used*bytes*of*8*bits.*These*were*sufficient*to*represent*
numbers*from*0*to*255,*or*the*letters*of*the*alphabet.*This*diagram*shows*
some*of*these*8-bit*bytes.
---Over*time,*the*basic*unit*of*computer*storage*has*increased*to*64*bits:*this*
is*more*expensive*in*storage,*but*by*processing*larger* amounts*of*data*in*
each*clock*cycle,*makes*the*throughput*of*information*faster.
---In*addition,*many*computers*have*more*than*one*processor,*but*8*seems*
to*be*the*current*maximum*in*most*consumer*machines.*
---Super*computers*may*have*a*network*of*hundreds*of*processors*working*in*
parallel*on*a*problem.
---The*origins*of*Unicode*date*to*1987,*when*Joe*Becker from*Xerox and*Lee*
Collins*and*Mark*Davis from*Apple started*investigating*the*practicalities*of*
creating*a*universal*character*set.
---Unicode*is*developed*in*conjunction*with*the*International*Organization*for*
Standardization
---Unicode*covers*almost*all*scripts*(writing*systems)*in*current*use*today.
•
Switches
---Two*switches*in*a*circuit*build*a*simple*AND*gate*–both*must*be*closed*to*
light*the*lamp.
---In*a*computer*we*use*binary*systems*–a*circuit*can*be*active*(represented*
by*the*number*one*,*or*high*voltage)*or*inactive*(represented*by*zero,*or*low*
voltage)
•
Electronic-Switches
---A*transistor*is*an*electronic*switch.*This*picture*shows*the*workbench*of*
John*Bardeen*and*Walter*Brattain*at*Bell*Laboratories.*They*were*supposed*
to*be*doing*fundamental*research*about*crystal*surfaces.*The*experimental*
results*hadn't*been*very*good,*though,*and*there's*a*rumour*that*their*boss,*
William* Shockley,*came*near*to*cancelling*the*project.*But*in*1947,*they*
switched*to*using*tremendously*pure*materials.*And*it*dawned*on*them*that*
they*could*build*the*circuit*in*the*picture.
---So*two*transistors*can*be*connected*together*to*make*an*AND*gate.
•
Logic-Gates
---Just*as*two*transistors*can*make*an*AND*gate,*other*similar*circuits*can*be*
fashioned*to*create*other*logical*functions.
•
http://cs.brown.edu/~tld/publications/books/talking/web/home-Z-H-13.html
---Combinations*of*logic*gates*can*be*used*to*make*circuits*which*perform*
mathematical*functions.
Full-Adder
---Two*half-adder*units*are*combined*to*make*a*full*adder*capable*of*adding*
two*binary*digits*(bits)
•
Processor
---Circuits*such*as*full*adders*are*combined*together*on*small*blocks*of*silicon*
as*integrated*circuits*to*make*processors*and*other*functional*components*of*
computers.*This*diagram*shows*the*parts*inside*a*small*processor.*
http://radar.tpub.com/TM-11-5841-287-30/TM-11-5841-287-300092.htm
•
---Here*is*another*processor.*Notice*the*L2*cache,*part*of*the*hierarchy*of*
store*in*our*overall*computer*architecture.*
http://en.kioskea.net/contents/408-processor
Von-Neuman-Computer
---John&von&Neumann (pron.:*/vɒn ˈnɔɪmən/;*December*28,*1903*–February*
8,*1957)*was*a*Hungarian-born*American*mathematician and*polymath.
---Although*the*single-memory,*stored*program*architecture*is*commonly*
called*von*Neumann*architecture as*a*result*of*von*Neumann's*paper,*the*
architecture's*description*was*based*on*the*work*of*J.*Presper*Eckert and*
John*William*Mauchly,*inventors*of*the*ENIAC*at*the*University*of*
Pennsylvania
---Von*Neumann*also*created*the*field*of*cellular* automata without*the*aid*of*
computers,*constructing*the*first*self-replicating automata*with*pencil*and*
graph*paper.*
---Generally*electronic*(could*be*mechanical,*could*be*fluidic)
•
Alternatives&to&Von&Neuman&Computer&(Flynn's*taxonomy*of*computer*
architectures)
---“Single&instruction&stream&single&data&stream&(SISD):&A*sequential*
computer*which*exploits*no*parallelism*in*either*the*instruction*or*data*
streams.*Single*control*unit*(CU)*fetches*single*instruction*stream*(IS)*from*
memory.*The*CU*then*generates*appropriate*control*signals*to*direct*single*
processing*element*(PE)*to*operate*on*single*data*stream*(DS)*i.e.,*one*
operation*at*a*time.
Examples*of*SISD*architecture*are*the*traditional*uniprocessor machines*like*
older*personal*computers (PCs;*by*2010,*many*PCs*had*multiple*cores)*and*
mainframe*computers.
---Single&instruction&stream,&multiple&data&streams&(SIMD):&A*computer*
which*exploits*multiple*data*streams*against*a*single*stream*to*perform*
operations*which*may*be*naturally*parallelized.*For*example,*an*array*
processor or*graphics*processing*unit (GPU)
---Multiple&instruction&streams,&single&data&stream&(MISD):&Multiple*
instructions*operate*on*one*data*stream.*Uncommon*architecture*which*is*
generally*used*for*fault*tolerance.*Heterogeneous*systems*operate*on*the*
same*data*stream*and*must*agree*on*the*result.*Examples*include*the*Space*
Shuttle flight*control*computer.
---Multiple&instruction&streams,&multiple&data&streams&(MIMD):&Multiple*
autonomous*processors*simultaneously*executing*different*instructions*on*
different*data.*MIMD*architectures*include*multi-core superscalar processors,*
and*distributed*systems,*using*either*one*shared*memory*space*or*a*
distributed*memory*space.”
•
Transputer
---The*transputer*processor*has*processor*and*memory*storage*elements*on*
the*same*integrated*circuit*chip.*Transputers*can*be*linked*together*in*arrays.*
This*gives*the*capability*to*process*a*great*deal*of*information*
simultaneously.*The*are*used*in*some*space*satellites.
•
http://www.transputer.net/tn/52/tn52.html
http://cs.smith.edu/~thiebaut/transputer/chapter9/chap9-4.html
Processor-Cycle-of-a-Von-Neuman-Computer
---A*clock*inside*the*computer*triggers*the*fetch-process-store*loop*very*
many*times*per*second*in*a*computer.
•
Operating-Systems
---An*operating*system*connects*specific*computer*hardware*with*application*
programs.*So*you*can*run*the*same*program*(perhaps*the*GIMP)*on*
computers*constructed*by*many*different*companies*(Lenovo,*Asus,*Fujitsu*
etc)*provided*they*all*have*the*same*operating*system*(perhaps*Microsoft*
Windows*7).
•
Common-Operating-Systems
---A*program*application*written*for*ONE*operating*system*will*not*work*with*
another
•
Windows
Windows&95
Windows&7
Windows&8
Windows&RT
Windows&10
Mac+OS
OS&X&(Sierra)
iOS
Linux
Debian
Ubuntu
Common-Processor-Families
---Intel*(USA)*processors*have*been*used*in*most*desktop*and*laptop*
computers*since*the*IBM*PC*was*first*made.*Their*standard*instructions*set*
(the*menu*of*individual*operations*they*can*carry*out)*has*made*backwards*
compatibility*possible*–old*programs*will*still*run*on*new*machines*(by*and*
large).
---However,*the*Intel*processors*have*a*LARGE*instruction*set,*making*them*
quite*complex*machines.*An*early*design*from*England*is*a*Reduced*
Instruction*Set*Computing*processor,*or*RISC*machine*from*a*firm*called*ARM*
Holdings*(Acorn*RISC*Machines).*This*is*much*more*efficient,*using*a*small*
instruction*set,*and*which*therefore*uses*less*electrical* power.
---Because*of*their*lower*power*consumption*(and*hence*extended*battery*
life)*about*97%*of*all*handheld*devices*(phones,*tablets,*cameras)*and*up*to*
27%*of*laptop*computers*use*ARM*processors*instead*of*Intel*processors,.
---Some*operating*system*makers*are*now*coding*for*BOTH*processor*
families.
•
Intel AMD ARM
X86*(32*bits)
64*bits
}*same RISC*architecture
Hard-Drives-and-Solid-State-Drives
---A*conventional*hard*drive*stores*data*in*non-volatile*memory*(it*does*not*
lose*the*information*when*the*electric* power*is*switched*off)*by*magnetising*
small*elements*of*the*metal*disk*surface*(platter).
---A*solid*state*hard*drive*uses*special*memory*chips*instead*of*a*rotating*
platter.*These*are*faster*and*becoming*cheaper.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hard_drive-en.svg
•
Conclusion
---Computer*technologies*continue*to*develop
---Consider*students*taking*on*the*role*of*different*computer*components*to*
dramaticise*the*processor*cycle.
•
Week$5-How$to$Build$Your$Own$Computer
Tuesday,* 20*March*2018 4:58*pm
Reading•
---Henderson*&*Romeo*(2015)*Chapter*22
---Susan*Edwards*(Chapter*22)*(birth-8yrs)
---Bell,*T.,*Witten,*I.*&*Fellows,*M.*(2010) Computer*Science*unplugged.*
Csunplugged.org.
---Turing,*A.*M.*(1950).*Computing*Machinery*and*Intelligence. Mind 59*(236)*
433-460http://phil415.pbworks.com/f/TuringComputing.pdf.
---Australian Information Industry Association (AIIA) (2015). Digital skills
& careers: Building the skills today for the jobs of tomorrow .
•
Explaining-Binary-Numbers•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ry1hpm1GXVI**
Representations
---Data*in*a*computer*is*represented*as*ones*and*zeros*(called*binary*digits,*or*
bits).*Early*computers*used*bytes*of*8*bits.*These*were*sufficient*to*represent*
numbers*from*0*to*255,*or*the*letters*of*the*alphabet.*This*diagram*shows*
some*of*these*8-bit*bytes.
---Over*time,*the*basic*unit*of*computer*storage*has*increased*to*64*bits:*this*
is*more*expensive*in*storage,*but*by*processing*larger* amounts*of*data*in*
each*clock*cycle,*makes*the*throughput*of*information*faster.
---In*addition,*many*computers*have*more*than*one*processor,*but*8*seems*
to*be*the*current*maximum*in*most*consumer*machines.*
---Super*computers*may*have*a*network*of*hundreds*of*processors*working*in*
parallel*on*a*problem.
---The*origins*of*Unicode*date*to*1987,*when*Joe*Becker from*Xerox and*Lee*
Collins*and*Mark*Davis from*Apple started*investigating*the*practicalities*of*
creating*a*universal*character*set.
---Unicode*is*developed*in*conjunction*with*the*International*Organization*for*
Standardization
---Unicode*covers*almost*all*scripts*(writing*systems)*in*current*use*today.
•
Switches
---Two*switches*in*a*circuit*build*a*simple*AND*gate*–both*must*be*closed*to*
light*the*lamp.
---In*a*computer*we*use*binary*systems*–a*circuit*can*be*active*(represented*
by*the*number*one*,*or*high*voltage)*or*inactive*(represented*by*zero,*or*low*
voltage)
•
Electronic-Switches
---A*transistor*is*an*electronic*switch.*This*picture*shows*the*workbench*of*
John*Bardeen*and*Walter*Brattain*at*Bell*Laboratories.*They*were*supposed*
to*be*doing*fundamental*research*about*crystal*surfaces.*The*experimental*
results*hadn't*been*very*good,*though,*and*there's*a*rumour*that*their*boss,*
William* Shockley,*came*near*to*cancelling*the*project.*But*in*1947,*they*
switched*to*using*tremendously*pure*materials.*And*it*dawned*on*them*that*
they*could*build*the*circuit*in*the*picture.
---So*two*transistors*can*be*connected*together*to*make*an*AND*gate.
•
Logic-Gates
---Just*as*two*transistors*can*make*an*AND*gate,*other*similar*circuits*can*be*
fashioned*to*create*other*logical*functions.
•
http://cs.brown.edu/~tld/publications/books/talking/web/home-Z-H-13.html
---Combinations*of*logic*gates*can*be*used*to*make*circuits*which*perform*
mathematical*functions.
Full-Adder
---Two*half-adder*units*are*combined*to*make*a*full*adder*capable*of*adding*
two*binary*digits*(bits)
•
Processor
---Circuits*such*as*full*adders*are*combined*together*on*small*blocks*of*silicon*
as*integrated*circuits*to*make*processors*and*other*functional*components*of*
computers.*This*diagram*shows*the*parts*inside*a*small*processor.*
http://radar.tpub.com/TM-11-5841-287-30/TM-11-5841-287-300092.htm
•
---Here*is*another*processor.*Notice*the*L2*cache,*part*of*the*hierarchy*of*
store*in*our*overall*computer*architecture.*
http://en.kioskea.net/contents/408-processor
Von-Neuman-Computer
---John&von&Neumann (pron.:*/vɒn ˈnɔɪmən/;*December*28,*1903*–February*
8,*1957)*was*a*Hungarian-born*American*mathematician and*polymath.
---Although*the*single-memory,*stored*program*architecture*is*commonly*
called*von*Neumann*architecture as*a*result*of*von*Neumann's*paper,*the*
architecture's*description*was*based*on*the*work*of*J.*Presper*Eckert and*
John*William*Mauchly,*inventors*of*the*ENIAC*at*the*University*of*
Pennsylvania
---Von*Neumann*also*created*the*field*of*cellular* automata without*the*aid*of*
computers,*constructing*the*first*self-replicating automata*with*pencil*and*
graph*paper.*
---Generally*electronic*(could*be*mechanical,*could*be*fluidic)
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Alternatives&to&Von&Neuman&Computer&(Flynn's*taxonomy*of*computer*
architectures)
---“Single&instruction&stream&single&data&stream&(SISD):&A*sequential*
computer*which*exploits*no*parallelism*in*either*the*instruction*or*data*
streams.*Single*control*unit*(CU)*fetches*single*instruction*stream*(IS)*from*
memory.*The*CU*then*generates*appropriate*control*signals*to*direct*single*
processing*element*(PE)*to*operate*on*single*data*stream*(DS)*i.e.,*one*
operation*at*a*time.
Examples*of*SISD*architecture*are*the*traditional*uniprocessor machines*like*
older*personal*computers (PCs;*by*2010,*many*PCs*had*multiple*cores)*and*
mainframe*computers.
---Single&instruction&stream,&multiple&data&streams&(SIMD):&A*computer*
which*exploits*multiple*data*streams*against*a*single*stream*to*perform*
operations*which*may*be*naturally*parallelized.*For*example,*an*array*
processor or*graphics*processing*unit (GPU)
---Multiple&instruction&streams,&single&data&stream&(MISD):&Multiple*
instructions*operate*on*one*data*stream.*Uncommon*architecture*which*is*
generally*used*for*fault*tolerance.*Heterogeneous*systems*operate*on*the*
same*data*stream*and*must*agree*on*the*result.*Examples*include*the*Space*
Shuttle flight*control*computer.
---Multiple&instruction&streams,&multiple&data&streams&(MIMD):&Multiple*
autonomous*processors*simultaneously*executing*different*instructions*on*
different*data.*MIMD*architectures*include*multi-core superscalar processors,*
and*distributed*systems,*using*either*one*shared*memory*space*or*a*
distributed*memory*space.”
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Transputer
---The*transputer*processor*has*processor*and*memory*storage*elements*on*
the*same*integrated*circuit*chip.*Transputers*can*be*linked*together*in*arrays.*
This*gives*the*capability*to*process*a*great*deal*of*information*
simultaneously.*The*are*used*in*some*space*satellites.
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http://www.transputer.net/tn/52/tn52.html
http://cs.smith.edu/~thiebaut/transputer/chapter9/chap9-4.html
Processor-Cycle-of-a-Von-Neuman-Computer
---A*clock*inside*the*computer*triggers*the*fetch-process-store*loop*very*
many*times*per*second*in*a*computer.
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Operating-Systems
---An*operating*system*connects*specific*computer*hardware*with*application*
programs.*So*you*can*run*the*same*program*(perhaps*the*GIMP)*on*
computers*constructed*by*many*different*companies*(Lenovo,*Asus,*Fujitsu*
etc)*provided*they*all*have*the*same*operating*system*(perhaps*Microsoft*
Windows*7).
•
Common-Operating-Systems
---A*program*application*written*for*ONE*operating*system*will*not*work*with*
another
•
Windows
Windows&95
Windows&7
Windows&8
Windows&RT
Windows&10
Mac+OS
OS&X&(Sierra)
iOS
Linux
Debian
Ubuntu
Common-Processor-Families
---Intel*(USA)*processors*have*been*used*in*most*desktop*and*laptop*
computers*since*the*IBM*PC*was*first*made.*Their*standard*instructions*set*
(the*menu*of*individual*operations*they*can*carry*out)*has*made*backwards*
compatibility*possible*–old*programs*will*still*run*on*new*machines*(by*and*
large).
---However,*the*Intel*processors*have*a*LARGE*instruction*set,*making*them*
quite*complex*machines.*An*early*design*from*England*is*a*Reduced*
Instruction*Set*Computing*processor,*or*RISC*machine*from*a*firm*called*ARM*
Holdings*(Acorn*RISC*Machines).*This*is*much*more*efficient,*using*a*small*
instruction*set,*and*which*therefore*uses*less*electrical* power.
---Because*of*their*lower*power*consumption*(and*hence*extended*battery*
life)*about*97%*of*all*handheld*devices*(phones,*tablets,*cameras)*and*up*to*
27%*of*laptop*computers*use*ARM*processors*instead*of*Intel*processors,.
---Some*operating*system*makers*are*now*coding*for*BOTH*processor*
families.
•
Intel AMD ARM
X86*(32*bits)
64*bits
}*same RISC*architecture
Hard-Drives-and-Solid-State-Drives
---A*conventional*hard*drive*stores*data*in*non-volatile*memory*(it*does*not*
lose*the*information*when*the*electric* power*is*switched*off)*by*magnetising*
small*elements*of*the*metal*disk*surface*(platter).
---A*solid*state*hard*drive*uses*special*memory*chips*instead*of*a*rotating*
platter.*These*are*faster*and*becoming*cheaper.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hard_drive-en.svg
•
Conclusion
---Computer*technologies*continue*to*develop
---Consider*students*taking*on*the*role*of*different*computer*components*to*
dramaticise*the*processor*cycle.
•
Week$5-How$to$Build$Your$Own$Computer
Tuesday,* 20*March*2018 4:58*pm
Document Summary
Week 5- how to build your own computer. & careers: building the skills today for the jobs of tomorrow . --data in a computer is represented as ones and zeros (called binary digits, or bits). These were sufficient to represent numbers from 0 to 255, or the letters of the alphabet. This diagram shows some of these 8-bit bytes. --over time, the basic unit of computer storage has increased to 64 bits: this is more expensive in storage, but by processing larger amounts of data in each clock cycle, makes the throughput of information faster. --in addition, many computers have more than one processor, but 8 seems. --in addition, many computers have more than one processor, but 8 seems to be the current maximum in most consumer machines. --super computers may have a network of hundreds of processors working in parallel on a problem. --the origins of unicode date to 1987, when joe becker from xerox and lee.
