KHA 454 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research, White Matter, Hebbian Theory
30 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Advanced Topics in Psychology week 10
Mark Hinder
Motor Control and Learning
- Human movement and biomechanics
oRelatively neglected (except in neuroscience)
oWolpert:
Fundamental question in understanding brain function
Why we have one? Perceive the world and to think
Produce adaptable and complex movement
The only way you have to impact the world around you
Speech is mediated by muscle movement
Other functions: drive or suppress other movements
- Brain stimulation:
oUsing the technique to understand how to brain controls movement
- What topics I research:
oHow the brain is understanding movement and behaviour
oUsing stimulation techniques to understand the neural correlates of
control
oOften there is a separation between behaviour and what the brain is
doing
Doing stimulation during tasks helps bring these two processes
together
oBrain connectivity during movement planning and execution in young
and older
oRapid motor responses in young and older adults
Decision making
oStimulation allows us to determine the underlying processes that you
could not ACERTAIN just by looking at the observable behaviour
oHealthy young and older adults
Ageing is a problem for the world: societal economic
Strokes, recovery
Learning how the brain adapts in order to understand how the
brain can adapt in the real world eg. Treatment and
interventions in order tor educe the impact of ageing and stroke
(dementia etc.) overcoming these limitations
- Today’s class:
oMovement control:
Link to psychology
Motor cortex
TMS
oBrains and neuroplasticity:
oNon-invasive brain stimulation: TMS
Principles
Uses
oApplying techniques to help with ageing, MDD, Alzheimer’s
What goes wrong and what can be done to help?
TMS
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
But also more generally
-Neuroplasticity:
oThe ability of the nervous system to respond to internal and external
stimuli – by reorganizing its structure, functions, and connections
Can be described at many levels, from molecular to cellular, to
systems behaviour
And can occur in response to development, in support of
learning, response to disease, or in relationship therapy
oPerry ??
Stem cells present in the adult brain (not just embryotic)
Gave rise to a huge amount of opportunity
How we learn and treat…
oPopular science:
Brain training and keeping it active
Stimulate plasticity throughout your adult years
Instrumental in maintaining brain health
oKandel:
Nobel prize in 2000
Molecular level
Adapting its motor behaviour: learning and its relation to
Sea slug: much simpler to study (less neurons)
Mammals too complex
Electrical stimuli: the nature of the synapse would change in
response to stimuli
Changes lasted from minutes to hours: if increased the level of
stimuli, it would be more lasting changes
Lasting structural change
Molecular basis of learning/plasticity
oLTP:
Mammalian hippocampal slices
Molecular basis of neuroplasticity that obeys Hebbian
principles
Isolation of the hippocampus:
Main part taken out, four major sections
Recording electrode and a stimulation electrode
Post synaptic potential (connection between areas)-
measuring the potential (resting state potential in post s
neurons)
The persistent strengthening od synapses based on recent
patterns of activity
PTP: post tetanus potential
LTP evidence: once PTP stimulation is removed, if you keep
recording via an electrode you will see that the activity in post
synaptic cell will remain elevated for a significant amount of
time after the removal of stimulation
LTD: long term depression
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Reduction in potential of post synaptic cell
oHebb: the organisation of behaviour
LTP (a type of plasticity) followed the rules that Hebb
described in his earlier work
Hebb’s rule statement:
Looking at the representation of cells
Part of a family of cells/process that become related to
each other due to an initial firing together
oNeuroplasticity in the awake human cortex: TMS
Allowed use to induce neuroplasticity in the awake human
And determine how it effected behaviour
Behaviour implications more understood
Must get through the skull to induce the state
- How does TMS work?
oTwo magnets: a small internal magnet A and a larger magnet B
oElectrical circuit via a battery connected to A
oB connected to a galvanon ( something that measures electrical
current)
oInduce a current and Galv measures a significant current
oFaraday’s experiment
Many rules he developed
200 years ago these principles were first understood
oFaster you move it in and out the faster the current
o100 years ago:
Huge coil around his body
Turn off the current when the coil was over his head
oThomson 1911 was able to replicate the findings
oMagnets: need to create a large current, so many magnets applied
oModern day coil
Get electrical energy through the head and get it to interact with
the human brain neurons
Rapidly changing: very quick pulse
Induces a magnetic field perpendicular to the scalp
Creating an equal and opposite field in the brain
In the plane/layers in the brain: the underlying scalp tissue
oNeurons become excited
Neurons that have projections through he layers
Go to the spinal level
Measure those action potentials as muscle activity in the limbs
oMotor cortex:
Areas are superficial
Homotropically represented (high sensitivity have a large map)
Hand area maps nicely onto a superficial area of the brain
Stimulate the area reasonably reliably with coils
Motor cortex for leg is central and deep
But the hand is superficial
Copper windings inside
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Human movement and biomechanics: relatively neglected (except in neuroscience, wolpert: The only way you have to impact the world around you. Other functions: drive or suppress other movements. Brain stimulation: using the technique to understand how to brain controls movement. What topics i research: how the brain is understanding movement and behaviour, using stimulation techniques to understand the neural correlates of control, often there is a separation between behaviour and what the brain is doing. Doing stimulation during tasks helps bring these two processes together: brain connectivity during movement planning and execution in young and older, rapid motor responses in young and older adults. Decision making: stimulation allows us to determine the underlying processes that you could not acertain just by looking at the observable behaviour, healthy young and older adults. Ageing is a problem for the world: societal economic.
