ANHB1102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Internal Sphincter Muscle Of Urethra, Urethral Sphincters, Renal Papilla
4 Dec 2018
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Document Summary
Gain water through food, drink and metabolism. Lose water through urinating, defecation, evaporation (breathing and sweating). Terrestrial vertebrates (humans) have adaptations to prevent dehydration. Water resistant skin, embryo development with uid within protective membranes to avoid water loss, behavioural adaptations, kidneys. Amino groups converted into ammonia for excretion - aquatic animals. Will diffuse rapidly into water across cell membranes - excreted into large volumes of water (toxic). Can be stored in a concentrated solution but still requires water for excretion. More complex molecule so takes more energy. Doesn"t require much water at all for excretion. Energy cost balance - not much water but lots of energy. Renal arteries supply kidneys and blood leaves by renal vein to inferior vena cava. Ltrate concentrated at renal pyramid and then via renal papilla drains into minor calyx to major calyx to renal pelvis to be removed. Receive 23% of total cardiac output - for it to be ltered.
