1001NSC Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Prone Position, Outline Of Human Anatomy, Basal Lamina

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20 Jun 2018

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Weeks 1-2!

Week 1 - 4th March

Human anatomy: stay of structures of the human body

Human physiology: study of function of the human body

Cystology: study of cells

Histology: study of tissues

Systematic anatomy: study of the structure of systems

Systematic physiology: study of the function of systems

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): synthesis of proteins for secretion from the cell

Secreted hormones and antibodies (made of protein)

Synthesis of many soluble proteins used within the cell

Ribosomes: make the proteins. From RNA to protein

2 types of ribosomes: cytoplasmic, mitochondrial

Polysome: many ribosomes

Week 2 - 10 March

Whole body made from 200 different cell types

Four primary tissue classes:

Epithelial - cells that coat tubes and surface of body

Cells sit on basement membrane (to hold it to your body, not let it fall to gravity). No blood

vessels (avascular). Take nutrients and oxygen from blood stream via diffusion. Rapid cell

division due to rough and tumble of people. (Refer to Basement membrane photo)

Function of Epithelial tissue: protection. ﬁltration and secretion in lower body.

Types of Epithelial tissue:

Covering and lining epithelium: epidermis of skin, lining of blood vessels and tubes,

lining respiratory, reproductive, urinary and gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Glandular epithelium: secreting portion of glands, thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands

Classiﬁed by arrangement of cells into layers: simple (one layer), stratiﬁed (many

layers), psuedostratiﬁed (single layer that looks like numerous layers)

Classiﬁed by shape of surface cells: squamous (ﬂat), cuboidal, columnar (tall column),

transitional (shape varies with tissue stretching)

Stratiﬁed: either keratinised (dry, hard surface) or non-keratinised (abrasion-resistant,

moist, slippery surface. eg. mouth, vagina)

Connective - skeleton, cartilage, blood. Stores energy as fat. Contains white blood cells to

prevent infection.

Muscular - 3 types: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Cells shorten in length, producing

movement

Nervous - only found in nervous system. Conducts electrical impulses.

Basement Membrane: composed of Basal lamina (made by epithelial cells) and Reticular lamina

(secreted by connective tissue cells). Holds epithelial cells to connective tissue underneath. Guides

cell migration during tissue development and repair.

Organ: structure with discrete boundaries (composed of two or more types of tissues)

Biopsy: removes and examines tissue from the body (using scalpels, needle, endoscopic tube or

ﬂexible cannula [plastic tubes inserted into blood vessels to connect tissue])

Tissue for biopsy is preserved, sectioned and stained before being looked at.

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Document Summary

Human anatomy: stay of structures of the human body. Human physiology: study of function of the human body. Systematic anatomy: study of the structure of systems. Systematic physiology: study of the function of systems. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer): synthesis of proteins for secretion from the cell. Synthesis of many soluble proteins used within the cell. Whole body made from 200 different cell types. Epithelial - cells that coat tubes and surface of body. Cells sit on basement membrane (to hold it to your body, not let it fall to gravity). Take nutrients and oxygen from blood stream via diffusion. Rapid cell division due to rough and tumble of people. (refer to basement membrane photo) Covering and lining epithelium: epidermis of skin, lining of blood vessels and tubes, lining respiratory, reproductive, urinary and gastrointestinal (gi) tract. Glandular epithelium: secreting portion of glands, thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands.

Related Questions

Of the water-soluble, globular proteins synthesized by cells, some are secreted into the extracellular medium, e.g., into the blood. Using the polypeptide hormone insulin as an example, describe the intracellular route taken by insulin or other such extracellular proteins from the beginning of their synthesis to their final destination (outside the cell), a route that includes the rough endoplasmic reticulum. What do you expect to happen when such proteins misfold inside the rough ER? Note that this last part of the topic concerns an early phase of a universal cellular function called the âunfolded protein responseâ (UPR).

Question 1

Light microscopes

	A.	typically provide more resolution than an electron microscope
	B.	work by reflecting electrons off the surface of an object being studied
	C.	use light and glass lenses to magnify an image

Question 2

In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads

	A.	are hydrophilic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane
	B.	are hydrophobic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane
	C.	are hydrophobic and face inward, shielded from water

Question 3

The nucleus of a cell

	A.	is surrounded by a single layer of membrane.
	B.	contains DNA
	C.	is the primary location of protein synthesis

Question 4

Which location in the cell is unlikely to contain ribosomes or ribosomal subunits?

A.		endoplasmic reticulum
B		plasma membrane
C.		Cytoplasm

Question 5

The main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the production of

A.		membrane and proteins secreted by the cell
B.		mitochondria and proteins secreted by the cell
C.		hydrogen peroxide

Question 6

The Golgi apparatus

A.		is the site of glucose breakdown
B.		stores, modifies, and packages proteins
C.		strings together amino acids to produce proteins

Question 7

The function of mitochondria is

		A. cellular respiration
		B. photosynthesis
		C. lipid synthesis

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false?

		A. The cytoskeleton helps to support cell
		B. Once laid down, the elements of the cytoskeleton are fixed and remain permanently in place
	C.	The cytoskeleton is composed of three types of fibers: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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