HLTH200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Coronary Artery Disease, Panic Disorder, Anxiety Disorder
28 May 2018
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HLTH200: Week 9 Lectures
Eating Disorders: A Population Approach
Clinical treatments and outcomes: anorexia nervosa
• Lifetime prevalence
o 1% of women
o 0.3% of men
• Outcomes of gold standard treatment (at 5-10 years)
o 10% death rate (mainly suicide and heart failure)
o 18% continue to meet clinical criteria
o 25% some improvement (may now meet criteria for BN or EDNOS)
o 47% recover
▪ A third of these likely to relapse
Clinical treatments and outcomes: bulimia nervosa
• Lifetime prevalence
o 1-4.2% of women
o 0.5% of men
• Outcomes of gold standard treatment (at 5-10 years)
o Negligible death rate
o 50% some improvement (may now meet criteria for EDNOS)
o 50% recover
▪ A third of these likely to relapse
Not amazingly impressive
• Remember the issue of ‘normative discontent’ and attempts to work at a
population level, to prevent the incidence of eating disorders
• The ambulance at bottom of cliff vs. fence at top of scenario
If the majority have poor body image…
• Goal is to keep individuals in the higher end of continuum (positive body
image, healthy eating, physical activity)
• Associations between diet products, thin female ideal, body discontent and
eating disorders - Marjorie Hogan & Victor Strasburger (2008)
Health promotion
• Support for individuals with poor body image
• Body image workshops in schools e.g. Happy Being Me; Deconstructing
media images
• Workshops/programs for parents and early childhood educators on how to talk
to young children – “I am eating healthy food because it will give me energy
to run” and NOTHING to do with weight
• Changing social policy surrounding media content – to promote greater
diversity and less focus on an ideal, unrealistic body type
• Tertiary prevention vs. secondary prevention vs. primary prevention
The role of the mass media
• Actively promote the thin and muscular ideals
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
o Media content analyses
• Negatively impacts upon the physical and psychological wellbeing of men and
women
o Experimental
o Correlational
o Meta-analyses
How do people feel about themselves?
• Beyond stereotypes, the 2005 study commissioned by Dove surveyed 3300
girls and women between ages of 15 and 64 in 10 countries. They found that
67% of all women 15 to 64 withdraw from life-engaging activities due to
feeling badly about their looks
Calls for size diversity in media imagery
• Kate Ellis – pushing for government to work with media to promote industry
that presents more diversity
• But only thin and muscular models sell?!
• Effective alternatives
Some work from Phillippa Diedrichs and Christina Lee
• Looking at the use of average size models in the media
• Aims were to
o See effects of presenting diff images, how people felt seeing these
images
o To see a difference in the willingness to buy the products
Research aim and questions
• Investigate effective alternatives to ultra thin female models with Australian
men and women
• RQ
o What effect do advertisements with female average- size models have
on men’s and women’s body image, in comparison to advertisements
with female ultra- thin models and no models?
o Are advertisements featuring average-size models as effective as those
featuring ultra-thin and no models?
• Participants
o 172 women and 124 men
o 1st year psych students – 18-25 years
o ‘Advertising and the Media Study’
• Method
o Three advertisement conditions
▪ 1. No models
▪ 2. Ultra-thin models
▪ 3. Average-size models
o Advertising effectiveness
▪ UK Advertising Effectiveness Scale
o Body Image State
▪ Body Image state scale
o Body image trait
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ Multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire
▪ Appearance evaluation
▪ Appearance orientation
• Pilot study
o Attractiveness → ultra thin higher than average models
o Body size → average models increase more than ultra thin
o Ecological validity (reality similar to what you see in media) → ultra
thin higher than average models
• Analyses
o Condition → BMI → body image
o Condition → BMI → advertising effectiveness
• MANCOVA: women
o Women felt better about themselves after viewing the average size
condition
o No difference in advertising effectiveness → just as willing to buy the
product regardless of the condition (ultra thin vs. average size)
• MANCOVA: men
o No difference of how they felt about themselves after viewing all
conditions
o Men were just likely to be willing to buy product with control, ultra
thin model and average size model
Summary
• Body image
o For women, viewing average size models was associated with a
significantly more positive body image state than viewing ultra thin or
no models
o For men, there was no difference in body image state between model
conditions
• Advertising effectiveness
o Advertisements featuring average size models were rated as equally
effective as advertisements featuring ultra thin and no models by both
men and women
• Average size models provide a healthy and effective alternative to ultra thin
models
GI Joe or Average Joe
• The effect of average size and muscular male fashion models on body image
and advertisement effectiveness
Impact on men’s body image
• Experimental and correlational studies
o Increase drive for muscularity
o Increase body and muscle dissatisfaction
o Increased internalisation
• Meta analysis
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Not amazingly impressive: remember the issue of normative discontent" and attempts to work at a population level, to prevent the incidence of eating disorders, the ambulance at bottom of cliff vs. fence at top of scenario. The role of the mass media: actively promote the thin and muscular ideals, media content analyses, negatively impacts upon the physical and psychological wellbeing of men and women, experimental, correlational, meta-analyses. How do people feel about themselves: beyond stereotypes, the 2005 study commissioned by dove surveyed 3300 girls and women between ages of 15 and 64 in 10 countries. 67% of all women 15 to 64 withdraw from life-engaging activities due to feeling badly about their looks. Calls for size diversity in media imagery: kate ellis pushing for government to work with media to promote industry that presents more diversity, but only thin and muscular models sell, effective alternatives.
