BIOM20001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 66: Lymph Node, Gallbladder Cancer, Malignancy
Document Summary
Chronic inflammation: at sites of chronic inflammation we get higher incidence of cancer. Virchow (1863) proposed that cancer develops at sites of chronic inflammation. The potential relationships between cancer and inflammation have been studied since then. Familial retinoblastoma (mutant of the rb tumor suppressor gene have a 10,000-fold increased risk of developing retinoblastoma) childhood. Familial breast and ovarian cancer (brcai and brca2 genes - dna repair genes) Familial adenomatous polyposis (deletion or mutation of apc tumour suppressor gene (5q121) Symptoms/physical examination - always substantiated with other laboratory diagnostic tests. Histology/cytology - most commonly used methods in the diagnosis of cancer. Excision or biopsy: the periphery may not be representative and the centre largely necrotic. Appropriate preservation of the specimen fixative (commonly formalin solution). Needle aspiration: aspirating cells and fluid with a small-bore needle, followed by cytologic examination of the stained smear. Cytologic smears (papanicolau or pap): widely used to screen for carcinoma of the cervix.
