BMS1042 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Mantra, Safe Sex, Global Health
20 Jun 2018
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Department
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Professor
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for approximately two thirds of deaths
worldwide. They remain a key priority area and the greatest global health challenge. Over the
next two weeks we will look at levels of prevention, health promotion and screening. We look at
some of the greatest challenges that we will face over the next 20 years in public health.
17. INTRODUCTION TO NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, HEALTH PROMOTION, AND
PREVENTION
Ability to identify the impact of NCDs and major risk factors associated with them
NCDs are largely preventable through effective interventions such as decrease tobacco use,
better nutrition, increase physical activity, and decrease alcohol. These are lifestyle changes.
Explain the relationship between the social and behavioural determinants of health and
chronic diseases
Health can be approached in three different ways; medical, behavioural, and socio-economical.
Each of these approaches lead to different definitions of problems, and different strategies.
In the medical approach, we’re really hoping that our patients are partners in their health such
that they can develop the skills to self-manage their medication.
In the behavioural/ lifestyle mantra is:
1. Don't smoke.
2. Eat a balanced diet
3. Be physically active
4. Control your weight
5. Limit your stress.
6. If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation.
7. Cover up in the sun.
8. Practise safer sex.
9. Get a regular check-up, including screening for common diseases common diseases.
10. Drive carefully, wear a seatbelt and respect speed limits.
One of the problems with this mantra is that it doesn’t focus on systemic changes, but rather
tends toward a “victim-blaming” culture.
Socio-environmental:
1. Don't be poor – at least not for long
2 Be born into a nice family where there is no violence and enough 2. Be born into a nice family
where there is no violence and enough money
3. Graduate from high school or, better yet, from university (don’t get pregnant)
4. Don't work at a stressful, low-paid job. Find a job where you have decision-making power and
control, and one with subsidised child-care on site
5. Learn to control stress levels without cigarettes, alcohol or other drugs
6. Be able to afford holidays
7. Don't be unemployed, underemployed or in jobs without good conditions
8. Live in a community where you have a sense of belonging
9. Don't live in an overcrowded or unheated house, near a major road or polluting factory.
10. Make lots of friends and keep them
Understand the role of health promotion
“Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve,
their health” - Ottawa Charter.
- Build healthy public policy
- Create supportive environments
- Strengthen community action
- Develop personal skills
- Reorient health services Reorient health services
Explain the difference between primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of
NCD
Downstream disease prevention and health promotion include getting vaccinations, health
protection and early detection, screening, and individual risk assessment.
We can also have community engagement where we build relationships with communities to
exchange ideas and mediation of a situation.
Systemic changes include changing legislation, changing tax, and plain packaging and
smoke-free spaces, advertising bans. Sometimes legislation is well and truly behind. One
company was given a huge grant to buy out all the advertising slots where fast food chains
would advertise during children’s television time periods. Once they showed a change,
legislation followed.
18. Masterclasses
19. SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS
Difference between screening and diagnosis:
The difference lies in the population you are targeting, not the actual nature of the test itself.
A diagnostic test is a test which is used in someone presenting with symptoms
where you
are using the test to help you establish the correct diagnosis
.
- Example: using a mammogram to investigate a woman who presents with a lump in her
breast
A screening test is one which is used to detect disease
in an apparently healthy
population
- Example: women aged 50-69 are invited for screening mammography every 2 years.
Whether the disease is present or not is based on a gold standard. Inevitably, the tests we use
will have some false positives and false negatives.
Document Summary
Non-communicable diseases (ncds) are responsible for approximately two thirds of deaths worldwide. They remain a key priority area and the greatest global health challenge. Over the next two weeks we will look at levels of prevention, health promotion and screening. We look at some of the greatest challenges that we will face over the next 20 years in public health: introduction to non-communicable diseases, health promotion, and. Ability to identify the impact of ncds and major risk factors associated with them. Ncds are largely preventable through effective interventions such as decrease tobacco use, better nutrition, increase physical activity, and decrease alcohol. Explain the relationship between the social and behavioural determinants of health and chronic diseases. Health can be approached in three different ways; medical, behavioural, and socio-economical. Each of these approaches lead to different definitions of problems, and different strategies.
