BIOM3002 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Ct Scan, Thoracic Diaphragm, Aortic Arch
26 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
LECTURE ONE
1. Basic radiographic anatomy – chest x-ray: posterior-anterior and
lateral views
2. Basic cross-sectional anatomy – computerised tomography [CT]:
selected axial images
X-ray imagine acquisition:
• Patient on table
• X-ray beam penetrates tissues [different types/densities]
• Whatever is left on x-ray film shows on screen [light passes
through = grey]
• 3D person -> 1D image [stacked structures]
• Air = black [attenuates light less]; bone is white
Posterior-anterior:
Patient stands up; view posterior – anterior
[tube positioned posteriorly]
Can do anterior-posterior if patient unwell
Lateral: X-ray tube and film on opposite, lateral sides
Margins: delineate normal structures e.g. air next to heart
Heart, lung hila, mediastinum, lungs, pleura, chest wall
If a margin is displaced or obscured, something must be wrong in the
structures bordering it.
Posterior-anterior chest x-ray
1. Mediastinal borders air vs non-air – RUL, LUL, RML, RLL,
LLL, lingula
2. Right mediastinal borders – SVC, RA, IVC, RD [right hemi-
diaphragm], CPR [right costophrenic recess]
3. Left mediastinal borders – AK [aortic knuckle, PA, DA [descending
aorta], CA [cardiac apex], LV, LH, CPR
Anatomical structures lateral mediastinum:
Oesophagus
Aortic arch
Pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Rib
Posterior costophrenic recess
Heart
Right hemi-diaphragm
Left hemi-diaphragm
Trachea
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
Lecture one: basic radiographic anatomy chest x-ray: posterior-anterior and, basic cross-sectional anatomy computerised tomography [ct]: lateral views selected axial images. Lateral: x-ray tube and film on opposite, lateral sides. Margins: delineate normal structures e. g. air next to heart. Heart, lung hila, mediastinum, lungs, pleura, chest wall. If a margin is displaced or obscured, something must be wrong in the structures bordering it. Invisible anatomic structures on plain x-rays [some structures are only seen if abnormal/diseased: oesophagus, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels, pleura, bronchopulmonary segments, nerves, pericardium. Take volumes to be later sliced and diced [axial, sagittal, coronal, oblique and 3d reformats. Allows viewing in different windowns e. g. lung windows, bone windows and mediastinal windows [only cover axial anatomy in mediastinal window] Contrast is white; bone is black; air is black; fat is black; fluid is gray unless contrast is injected into it. Level one thoracic inlet: 2 common carotid arteries [medial, 2 subclavian arteries.
