9808 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Elastic Cartilage, Loose Connective Tissue, Ground Substance

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rosesnake130

19 Jun 2018

School

University of Canberra

Department

University of Canberra

Course

9808

Professor

Julie Cooke

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Connective tissue

Connective tissue is a group of tissues in the

body that maintains the form of the body and its

organs.

There are different types of connective tissue

(connective tissue proper/fibrous, cartilage,

bone and blood).

Connective tissue is composed of cells and

matrix

All connective tissue comes from common

embryonic origin (Mesenchyme) - connective tissue has stem cells. the mesenchyme can

develop into different cells ( fibroblast, chondroplasty, osteoblast ,hematopoietic)

Fibroblasts- cells that form loose and dense connective tissue

Chondroplasty – cells that form cartilage

Osteoblast- cells that form bone

Hematopoietic – cells that form blood

Specialist connective tissue = blood

Functions of connective tissue

 Binding and supporting – connecting tissues to each other eg tendons/ligaments. Fat

supports our kidney and provides framework for bloodvesels

Protecting – lining around kidneys and lungs to prevent infections

Insulation – adipose tissue good insulator because stores fat,

Storing reserve fuel – adipose tissue has fat stored

Transportation – blood transports gases, nutrients and blood cells around the body

General characteristics of connective tissue

Common origin – (Mesenchyme) all come from

Degree of vascularity – the amount of blood vessels within connective tissue is highly

variable eg cartilage has little blood vessels so it has limited repair

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Extracellular matrix – connective tissue is largely made up of nonliving extra cellular matrix

which has cells dotted within. It separates the cells and means connective tissue can bear

weight, withstand tension and adjure abuses that other tissues can’t tolerate.

Cells in connective tissue

Ending of word

Blast = immature – secretes lots of matrix. Is a forming cells

Cyte = mature – living gin already formed matrix and is a maintainer.

Fibroblasts- they contain multiple nucleoli which form ribosomes. Fibroblast form fibres and

fibres are made of proteins. Fibroblast is producing fibres which will produce tropocollagen.

Goes through organelles and produce collagen. Fibroblasts that have finished their task

making matrix become inactive ND ARE CALLED FIRBOCYTE.

Mast cells – are stuffed full cytoplasmic granules (have lots of Golgi apparatus). Mast cells

found alongside blood vessels. Secret histamines which increase blood flow. Secrete heparin

(stops blood clotting). Cytoplasmic granules are very important in the response to irritation.

In reasons e the Golgi apparatus secretes heparin ND histamine and we have an

inflammatory reaction.

Macrophages- has lots of lysosomes (have lost of enzymes) function is to digest foreign

substance and clean up dead and dying tissue.

White Blood cells/ leukocytes – they migrate from blood stream into connective tissue.

Adipocytes- largest cells in connective tissue. When they aren’t full of fat they are flat. You

do not lose fat cells. When you lose weight you take the triglycerides out of the adipocytes.

When they dominant and area it’s called adipose tissue.

Plasma cells - are developed from being lymphocytes (white blood cell) and they secret

antibodies which are proteins and they attack foreign substances in the bodies. Are found in

many places of bodies. Higher levels of plasma cells are in places where there is exposure to

more foreign particles.

Extracellular Matrix

Is located in the spaces between connective tissue cells

The matrix is a substance that cells are embedded on.

Can be fluid, semifluid or gelatinous

The matrix is composed of fibres and ground substance

Fibres Ground substance

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Fibres job to hold and bind tissues together,

limits the ability of tissues to repair

themselves.

Provide strength and support

Collagen fibres – (types 1-6) - type 1 is the

strongest. Contain protein collagen. Collagen

is 25 % of body’s protein. Collagen is

insoluble in water

Reticular fibres – contains protein reticulum.

Reticulum is short, inelastic and forms

internal frameworks. Are more structural

Elastic fibres – contains protein elastin.

These fibres are coiled which allow stretch

and are able to recoil and go back to original

shape. Elastin allows fibre to do this.

The unstructured material that fills the spaced

between the cells and the fibres are within.

Made up of water , cell adhesion proteins

(attach to the surface and old fibres in

lace ) , glycoproteins ( proteins that are

incorporated with a carbohydrate)

It supports the cells and fibres, binds them

together and provides a medium for

exchanging substances between blood and

cells

Types of tissue – based on the arrangement of fibres and degree of matrix it

has

1. Fibrous / Connective tissue proper

Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue

Much of the space is occupied by round

substance

Adipose – is composed of 90% cells. Does

have collagen and elastin fibres but hard to

see. No dense network of fibres. Has really

good blood supply, high metabolism.

Function – energy storage, insulation and

padding.

Has brown fat and white fat. Brown fat is in

babies and its function is to produce atp and

heat.

Adipose is also found in middle of long

bones (called yellow bone marrow). The last

spot fat is lost in starvation also found as

filler around blood vessels.

Reticular - only has reticular fibres. High

proportion of fibroblasts that produces

reticular fibres. Creates framework which is

great support for capillaries. High portion of

reticular fibres in liber.

Areolar – purpose is as a reservoir of water

and cells for cellular exchange. Supports and

Fibres occupy more space ten cells and

ground substance. Appear really densely

packed together.

Irregular – all fibres are laid down in

different directions.

Found in areas of mechanical stress, around

bines (periosteum) and in kidney capsule.

Regular – fibres lay on top of each other

parallel. Attaches muscle to bone and bone

to bone.

Eg tendons have poor blood supply so are

slow to heal and tendons are put under

stress when pulled perpendicular to the

direction of tendon flow.eg ligaments

Elastic – can stretch but has ability to recoil.

Fibres appear wavy.

Found – in blood vessels (can dilate and

constrict), trachea (can stretch and move

when we turn our head).

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Document Summary

Connective tissue is a group of tissues in the body that maintains the form of the body and its organs. There are different types of connective tissue (connective tissue proper/fibrous, cartilage, bone and blood). Connective tissue is composed of cells and matrix. All connective tissue comes from common embryonic origin (mesenchyme) - connective tissue has stem cells. the mesenchyme can develop into different cells ( fibroblast, chondroplasty, osteoblast ,hematopoietic) Fibroblasts- cells that form loose and dense connective tissue. Binding and supporting connecting tissues to each other eg tendons/ligaments. Fat supports our kidney and provides framework for bloodvesels. Protecting lining around kidneys and lungs to prevent infections. Insulation adipose tissue good insulator because stores fat, Storing reserve fuel adipose tissue has fat stored. Transportation blood transports gases, nutrients and blood cells around the body. Degree of vascularity the amount of blood vessels within connective tissue is highly variable eg cartilage has little blood vessels so it has limited repair.

Related Questions

[email protected]

Tue 9/19/2017 4:17 PM

To:

[email protected];

Here is the exam review for our next major lecture exam which will be on Monday. Notice that there are a few things missing, such as endochondral ossification. These will be added so just because it does not show up on this exam review doesn't mean you shouldn't study it. That being said, the details of each and every bone which I've gone over in lecture will be on the lab practical rather than the written lecture exam.

Anat 1, Exam 2. Spr 2016 LASC Name:____________________________________________________

1) A synarthrosis: a) is filled with synovial fluid. b) allow for a wide range of movement. c) includes the squamosal suture. d) is exemplified by the shoulder. e) all of the above.

2) Bursae: a) are located in the right atrium. b) are like elastomeric shock absorbers. c) are found in skeletal muscle fibers. d) form the sarcoplasmic reticulum. e) none of the above.

3) Irregular bones: a) can act like cams. b) can provide sites for muscle attachment. c) can protect soft-tissue organs. d) can act as levers. e) all of the above.

4) Condyles: a) are smooth articular surfaces. b) allow blood vessels to enter the bones. c) occur beneath the nail body after an injury. d) are produced by infected sebaceous glands. e) none of the above.

5) A head: a) is where you will find hyaline cartilage. b) is a smooth articular surface. c) is where a bone meshes with another bone. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

6) Which of the following is the proper sequence of things following a bone fracture: a) hematoma, fibrous callus, bony callus, remodeling. b) hematoma, bony callus, fibrous callus, remodeling. c) hematoma, remodeling, fibrous callus, bony callus. d) hematoma, remodeling, bony callus, fibrous callus. e) fibrous callus, bony callus, remodeling, hematoma.

7) A diaphysis: a) contains yellow bone marrow. b) contain a lot of spongy bone tissue. c) occurs at the ends of long bones. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

8) Short bones: a) protect underlying soft tissue organs. b) include the ribs. c) include the cranial bones of the skull. d) transfer mechanical forces. e) all of the above.

9) Fibrous joints: a) contain cruciate ligaments. b) include the pubic symphysis. c) are typically found in third class levering systems. d) include the lambdoid suture. e) all of the above.

10) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) tibiofibular joint. b) dentino-alveolar joint.
c) intervertebral disc. d) radioulnar articulation. e) cartilage.

11) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) atlanto-occipital joint. b) humero-ulnar joint. c) frontal suture d) acromio-humeral joint. e) tibiotarsal joint.

12) Hyaluronic acid: a) forms the extracellular matrix. b) is found in fibrous joints. c) keeps cartilage soft and pliable. d) is found in synostoses. e) none of the above.

13) First class levers: a) include the tibio-tarsal joint. b) have the effort between the fulcrum and the load. c) are like a teeter-totter. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

14) Synchondroses: a) are typically synovial joints. b) allow for very limited movement. c) include sutures and gomphoses. d) are encased in synovial capsules. e) none of the above.

15) Parallel muscles: a) have long excursions. b) include the abdominal muscles. c) have excellent endurance. d) have low strength. e) all of the above.

16) Sphincteral muscles: a) enclose openings or passageways. b) are used when you talk.
c) surround the eyes. d) include the orbicularis oculi. e) all of the above.

17) Pennate muscle architecture: a) is typified by the pectoralis major. b) have high endurance.
c) generates high strength. d) has a longer excursion. e) all of the above

18) Endomysium: a) consists of dense fibrous connective tissue. b) surrounds each fasciculus.
c) surrounds bundles of muscle cells. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

19) Cartilage: a) heals quickly if it is damaged. b) forms the lining of blood vessels. c) is found on the articular surfaces of bones. d) is a type of epithelial tissue. e) none of the above.

20) A tuberosity: a) is a hollow opening. b) is a shallow smooth articular surface. c) is a raised area that adjoins a condyle. d) is a larger outwardly curved articular surface. e) is a raised, rough-textured area.

21) Which of these doesnât belong? a) tuberosity b) trochanter c) condyle d) tubercle e) lunula

22) Epimysium: a) wraps around the entire muscle. b) is made of dense fibrous connective tissue. c) is continuous with tendons. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

23) Which of the following is more likely to be an insertion rather than an origin? a) ulna.
b) cervical vertebra. c) thoracic vertebra. d) rib. e) Ischium.

24) Which of the following is more likely to be an origin rather than an insertion? a) clavicle.
b) tibia. c) radius. d) ulna. e) metatarsal.

25) Myofibrils: a) are composed of many muscle fibers. b) are composed of many muscle cells.
c) are composed of many sarcomeres. d) form the endomysium. e) all of the above.

26) Myosin: a) helps keep muscle cells from overstretching. b) is a protein. c) joins thin filaments together. d) forms part of the z-disc. e) all of the above.

27) Sarcolemma: a) surrounds the entire muscle organ. b) surrounds the endomysium.
c) is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber. d) surrounds the epimysium. e) none of the above.

28) Thin filaments: a) are made of titin. b) are pulled on by the thick filaments during contraction.
c) create the molecular âpower-strokeâ. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

29) A second class lever: a) is like a wheel barrow. b) is like a teeter-totter. c) describes the humeroulnar joint. d) describes the atlanto-occipital joint. e) none of the above.

30) A sarcomere: a) is the basic unit of muscle function. b) is made mostly of proteins. c) shortens during a contraction. d) delivers an âall or noneâ response. e) all of the above.

31) Fast glycolytic fibers: a) have excellent endurance. b) deliver lots of power.
c) are more reddish in color than oxidative fibers. d) none of the above. e) all of the above.

32) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) Vastus lateralus. b) Vastus intermedius. c) Vastus medialis. d) Rectus Femoris. e) Gluteus minimus.

33) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) Teres major. b) Teres minor. c) subscapularis.
d) infraspinatus. e) supraspinatus.

34) Tendon sheaths: a) are filled with synovial fluid. b) can be likened to brake and shifter cable sheathing on a bike. c) are found around the carpal bones. d) really make life unpleasant if they get inflamed. e) all of the above.

35) Epithelial tissues: a) function in movement. b) conduct electrical impulses. c) form a structure for attachment of other organs. d) form barriers and walls. e) all of the above.

36) Elastic connective tissue: a) is found in bone. b) lines the inside of the trachea. c)Is found in small blood vessels like capillaries. d) is found in large arteries. e) all of the above.

37) Cartilage: a) heals quickly if it is damaged. b) forms the lining of blood vessels. c) is found on the articular surfaces of bones. d) is a type of epithelial tissue. e) none of the above.

38) Dense regular connective tissue: a) is poorly vascularized. b) heals slowly if at all. c) forms tendons and ligaments. d) can look a lot like smooth muscle under the microscope. e) all of the above.

39) Transitional epithelium: a) lines the urinary bladder. b) lines the blood vessels. c) contains cilia. d) joins the epidermis to the dermis. e) none of the above.

40) Skeletal muscle: a) responds to conscious thought. b) is found in the heart. c) is found in the walls of blood vessels and the GI tract. d) is composed of very small cells. e) all of the above.

For the following matching questions, each choice is used only once.

41) Fibroblast a) maintains bone tissue
42) Mast Cell b) secretes mucus
43) Chondrocyte c) responsible for inflammation response
44) Osteocyte d) makes collagen fibers
45) Goblet Cell e) maintains cartilage

For the following true-false questions, mark âAâ for true and âBâ for false.

46) Simple cuboidal epithelium is lines the trachea and Fallopian tubes/oviducts.
47) Elastic cartilage joins the ribs to the sternum.
48) An insertion is the more movable point of muscle attachment.
49) Tendons connect muscle to muscle or bone to bone.
50) Ligaments connect muscle to bone.
51) Transverse tubules allow nutrients to be dispersed throughout very large muscle cells.
52) Muscle twitch occurs when only a few muscle cells in the entire muscle are fully contracted.
53) Slow oxidative fibers have poor strength but excellent endurance.
54) Muscles can lengthen under their own power as well as contract.
55) Pottâs fracture is typical of skateboarders.
56) An incomplete fracture is a complete break through the entire bone.
57) Tetanus is the recruitment of additional fibers during muscle contraction.
58) Menisci are like elastomeric shock absorbers.
59) Diarthrotic joints allow for little to no movement.
60) A belly is the contractile portion of a muscle.
61) Synergistic muscles work with each other.
62) Muscle tissue, like your lab instructorâs evil twin before his morning coffee, is irritable.

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9808 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Elastic Cartilage, Loose Connective Tissue, Ground Substance

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