SCIM1040 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Maltose, Pancreatic Juice, Reflex Arc
5 Jun 2018
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SCIM1040- Lecture 8
The body is made up of
Cheial eleets, hih od together to for…
Cells, hih oe together to for…
Tissues, clumps of similar cells that work together to form...
Orgas, hih ork together to reate…
Body systems that work together …
To form a perfectly functioning HUMAN BODY
Skeletal system
Composed of 206 bones in the body, cartilages, joints (parts of the body where two or more bones
meet to allow movement), and ligaments that hold the joints together.
Functions include:
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached muscles
• Storage of minerals
• Storage of fats in yellow marrow
• Blood cell formation (red blood cells, platelets and most white cells) in the red bone
marrow, a tissue found inside bones.
Bone Composition
• Bone is living tissue.
• It is a solid network of living cells and protein called collagen surrounded by deposits of
minerals.
• Components:
➢ 32% organic materials
(collagen and bone cells)
➢ 43% minerals
(calcium and phosphorous)
➢ 25% water
Muscle System
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• Over 600 muscles in your body.
• Functions include: movement of bones, posture, balance, locomotion, heat production.
• Are attached to bones by tendons – tough but flexible bands.
• Muscles work by contracting to pull on bones and relaxing.
• Two types of muscles:
➢ Voluntary muscles: you choose to move them.
➢ Involuntary muscles: e.g., heart.
You have no control over this kind of muscle movement.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system consists of the blood, heart (beats about 70 to 90 times a minute), pumping
blood though the blood vessels.
1. Blood consists of:
a) Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body (haemoglobin in the red cells carries the
oxygen to all cells), white blood cells help protect us against infections, platelets are
important for blood clotting.
b) Plasma – a yellowish watery substance that transports essential glucose, dissolved
proteins, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide, and other wastes
around the body.
There are 4 blood groups - A, B, AB, O
Type O is the universal donor and type AB is the universal recipient.
2. Heart has 4 compartments called chambers: two upper are atria (atrium), two lower are
ventricles. Blood flow through the heart is controlled by valves.
3. Blood vessels - There are three kinds:
a) Arteries carry blood away from your heart and have thick, elastic walls. The major artery
of the body is the aorta.
b) Veins carry blood back to the heart and have valves along the thin walled vessels to assist
blood flow against gravity.
c) Capillaries are so small that blood cells can only move through them one at a time.
Digestive system
• Food is necessary to provide energy, nutrients, and materials for growth and repair of the
body.
• The food must be broken down into simpler molecules that can be absorbed into the
body.
• The products of digestion are glucose (from carbohydrates), amino acids (from proteins),
and fatty acids and glycerol (from fats).
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• The process of digestion occurs in the alimentary canal, a long tube starting from the
mouth and ending with the anus.
• In the first loop of the small intestine called the duodenum, the food is mixed with bile
from the gall bladder (made in the liver –acts like detergent for reducing fats to small
droplets) and pancreatic juice from the pancreas.
• Digested foods are absorbed into the body through villi lining the walls of the small
intestine.
•
• The remaining undigested food passes to the large
• intestine where water and mineral salts are absorbed back
• into the body.
• The remaining undigested matter is compacted into faeces
• which are stored in the bowel until they can be passed out of
• the body via the anus in a process called defaecation.
•
Digestion starts in the mouth where it is chewed into smaller bits by the teeth and mixed with saliva
(saliva is a digestive juice that breaks down cooked starch into a sugar called maltose).
Food passes from the mouth (with the assistance of the tongue) into the oesophagus which moves
the food by muscular contractions of its wall to the stomach.
The food is churned in the stomach with gastric juices, a blend of hydrochloric acid and various
digestive enzymes, that helps to digest foods like protein, fats, a few carbohydrates and alcohol.
Respiratory system
• The primary function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and
atmosphere
(physical process).
• Oxygen is inhaled in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all living cells in the body for
respiration (chemical process).
• Carbon dioxide and waste water are exhaled.
• The exchange of gases occurs in the air sacs or alveoli of the lungs.
• The main parts of the respiratory system are the nose, mouth, lungs,
larynx, trachea, and diaphragm.
Excretory system
• Lungs - remove of excess carbon dioxide and water.
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Tissues, clumps of similar cells that work together to form Composed of 206 bones in the body, cartilages, joints (parts of the body where two or more bones meet to allow movement), and ligaments that hold the joints together. Support of the body: protection of soft organs, movement due to attached muscles. Storage of fats in yellow marrow: blood cell formation (red blood cells, platelets and most white cells) in the red bone marrow, a tissue found inside bones. It is a solid network of living cells and protein called collagen surrounded by deposits of minerals: components: 32% organic materials (collagen and bone cells) Functions include: movement of bones, posture, balance, locomotion, heat production: over 600 muscles in your body, are attached to bones by tendons tough but flexible bands, muscles work by contracting to pull on bones and relaxing. Voluntary muscles: you choose to move them. You have no control over this kind of muscle movement.
