LING2001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Complementizer, Dependent Clause, Allative Case
Wednesday, 29 March 2017
LECTURE 9
SUBORDINATION AND COORDINATION
-Complementiser phrases
•Often a complementiser introduces the embedded clause
-“Sally said that her dog ate your exam”
•“Sally said her dog ate your exam”
-“Bob asked if dinner was ready”
-In English, embedded clauses may or may not be introduced by a complementiser
•In both cases, good reasons to think they are always of the type ‘CP’
•We will simply omit the complementiser in our representation when it is not overtly
expressed
•When expressed, CP will branch into C and a clause, TP
-Positions of embedded clauses
•Embedded clauses can also be found in other positions
!1
CP has C and another TP
CP realised as TP without C
Either way: CP here directly after the verb:
Direct Object (DO) position
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Wednesday, 29 March 2017
-[TP [CP That her dog ate your exam] worried Sally]
•TP rule now is:
-TP > {NP/CP} (T) VP
-Subject can be either NP or CP, not both
•VP rule also needs to reflect choice
•“Max [VP [V asked] [NP [N Bill]] [NP a question]]”
•“Max [VP [V asked] [NP [N Bill]] [CP if he would be his best man]]”
-VP > (AdvP+) V (NP) ({NP/CP}) (AdvP+) (PP) (AdvP+)
-You can have either NP or CP as complement to the V
•Choice depends on the type of verb used (see subcategorisation)
•Rule reflects all possible combinations
-Complementisers
•Link two items in an asymmetric, unbalanced fashion
•Link clauses, ie sentences
-What we call a Tense Phrase (TP)
•[Lilly thinks [that Max left his keys in the car.]]
•“Max left his keys in the car” is part of a larger TP which also includes “Lilly thinks”
•“that” signals that it is subordinate to ( i.e. included in) the larger TP
•Complementisers include:
-That, if, whether, because, while, etc.
-Coordination
!2
CP is
now in
subject
position
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Document Summary
Complementiser phrases: often a complementiser introduces the embedded clause. Sally said that her dog ate your exam . Cp has c and another tp: sally said her dog ate your exam . Either way: cp here directly after the verb: Positions of embedded clauses: embedded clauses can also be found in other positions. [tp [cp that her dog ate your exam] worried sally] Cp is now in subject position: tp rule now is: Vp > (advp+) v (np) ({np/cp}) (advp+) (pp) (advp+) You can have either np or cp as complement to the v: choice depends on the type of verb used (see subcategorisation, rule re ects all possible combinations. Complementisers: link two items in an asymmetric, unbalanced fashion, link clauses, ie sentences. Xp > xp conj xp: and another to allow us to conjoin two words. Coordination: lexical items: x > x conj x. Coordinated ns must have the same number (singular or plural)
