PHYL2001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Frostbite, Semen Analysis, Internal Intercostal Muscles
[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]
Physiology of Human Body
Systems
PHYL2001
Alyssa Santarelli
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
2
Table of Contents
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS ........................................................................................ 4
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................... 4
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ............................................................................................................ 4
Anatomy of an Autonomic Neuron ......................................................................................................... 4
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System ...................................................................................... 4
Autonomic Conflict ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Autonomic Neurotransmitters ................................................................................................................. 6
PHARMACOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ........................................................................ 7
Noradrenaline Receptors ............................................................................................................................ 7
Acetylcholine Receptors .............................................................................................................................. 8
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................... 8
Endocrine Glands ............................................................................................................................................ 9
Hormones ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
The Pituitary Glands ................................................................................................................................... 10
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY ..............................................................................................12
BLOOD ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
CELLS OF THE BLOOD ................................................................................................................................... 12
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ................................................................................................................. 14
CARDIAC OUTPUT.......................................................................................................................................... 15
FLOW ............................................................................................................................................................... 16
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE HEART ............................................................................................ 16
THE ECG ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
HEART VALVES .............................................................................................................................................. 18
BLOOD VESSELS ............................................................................................................................................. 18
RESISTANCE TO FLOW .................................................................................................................................. 19
MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE ........................................................................................................................ 19
CAPACITANCE ................................................................................................................................................ 20
VASO-CONSTRICTION AND VENO-CONSTRICTION .................................................................................. 20
MICROCIRCULATION ..................................................................................................................................... 20
CHANGES IN FILTRATION AND ABSORPTION ............................................................................................ 22
CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW ......................................................................................................................... 22
METABOLIC MEDIATORS ............................................................................................................................. 23
CONTROL OF SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL PRESSURE ......................................................................................... 23
CONTROL OF BLOOD VESSELS ..................................................................................................................... 23
CONTROL OF BLOOD PRESSURE.................................................................................................................. 24
CONTROL OF BLOOD VOLUME..................................................................................................................... 25
AUTOREGULATION OF BLOOD FLOW ......................................................................................................... 25
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH SKELETAL MUSCLE ........................................................................................... 25
CORONARY BLOOD FLOW ............................................................................................................................ 26
ARTHEROSCLEROSIS ..................................................................................................................................... 26
CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW ............................................................................................................................. 26
SKIN BLOOD FLOW ....................................................................................................................................... 26
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY .......................................................................................................27
ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: ............................................................................................... 27
FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: .............................................................................................. 29
RESPIRATORY PRESSURES: .......................................................................................................................... 29
RESPIRATORY CYCLE: ................................................................................................................................... 29
SPIROMETRY: ................................................................................................................................................. 31
VENTILATION: ................................................................................................................................................ 32
LUNG COMPLIANCE: ...................................................................................................................................... 32
AIRWAY RESISTANCE (RAW): ...................................................................................................................... 33
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
3
MUSCULAR EFFORT: ..................................................................................................................................... 33
COMPOSITION AND PARTIAL PRESSURES OF AIR: ................................................................................... 34
DIFFUSION CAPACITY: .................................................................................................................................. 35
ALVEOLAR GAS EXCHANGE: ........................................................................................................................ 35
Alveolar Gas Equation: .............................................................................................................................. 36
TRANSPORT OF GASES: ................................................................................................................................ 36
Hb-O2 Dissociation Curve: ......................................................................................................................... 37
CONTROL OF VENTILATION: ........................................................................................................................ 37
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY ......................................................................................................................39
BODY FLUID COMPOSITION: ........................................................................................................................ 39
ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM: ....................................................................................................... 39
FUNCTION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM: ....................................................................................................... 39
THE NEPHRON: .............................................................................................................................................. 40
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION: ........................................................................................................................ 41
Forces Affecting Glomerular Filtration: ............................................................................................. 41
Glomerular Filtration Rate: ..................................................................................................................... 41
Control of Glomerular Filtration Rate: ............................................................................................... 42
TUBULAR REABSORPTION: .......................................................................................................................... 42
Sodium Reabsorption: ................................................................................................................................ 43
Glucose, Amino Acid, and other Nutrient Reabsorption: ........................................................... 43
Chloride Reabsorption: .............................................................................................................................. 43
WATER REABSORPTION: ............................................................................................................................. 43
Hormonal Control of Water Reabsorption: ...................................................................................... 43
Control of Salt Loss: ..................................................................................................................................... 44
TUBULAR SECRETION: .................................................................................................................................. 44
Potassium Secretion: ................................................................................................................................... 45
Acid/Base Balance: ...................................................................................................................................... 45
Hydrogen Secretion: .................................................................................................................................... 45
URINE EXCRETION: ....................................................................................................................................... 45
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY....................................................................................................46
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION: ........................................................................................................................ 46
NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION:.............................................................. 47
HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION IN MALES: ........................................................................... 47
Spermatogenesis: ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Endocrine Control of Spermatogenesis: ............................................................................................. 49
Foreign Factors Affecting Reproduction in Males: ....................................................................... 50
HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION IN FEMALES: ....................................................................... 50
Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles: .............................................................................................................. 51
Endocrine Control of the Ovarian Cycle:............................................................................................ 52
Endocrine Control of the Menstrual Cycle: ....................................................................................... 53
Fertilization vs no Fertilization: ............................................................................................................ 54
GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY ..........................................................................................54
FUNCTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM:.................................................................................. 54
NERVES AND HORMONES: ........................................................................................................................... 54
PHASES OF DIGESTION: ................................................................................................................................ 55
ORGANS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM: ....................................................................................... 55
PRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF GASTRIC ACID: ....................................................................................... 56
CONTROL OF GASTRIC EMPTYING: ............................................................................................................. 57
HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE INTESTINAL PHASE: ............................................................................... 57
CCK RELEASE AND EFFECTS ON PANCREAS: ........................................................................................... 58
THE BILIARY SYSTEM: .................................................................................................................................. 59
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION: .......................................................................................................................... 59
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system 4. Pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system 7. Composition and partial pressures of air: 34. Glucose, amino acid, and other nutrient reabsorption: 43. Hormonal control of reproduction in males: 47. Foreign factors affecting reproduction in males: 50. Hormonal control of reproduction in females: 50. Endocrine control of the menstrual cycle: 53. Production and release of gastric acid: 56. Hormonal control of the intestinal phase: 57. Cck release and effects on pancreas: 58. Divisions of the autonomic nervous system: the ans has three divisions, sympathetic, parasympathetic. The parasympathetic nervous system: parasympathetic neurons, parasympathetic ganglia lie within or near the organ innervated. Immersion stimulates cutaneous cold receptors (whole body: activation of the sympathetic nervous system, results in tachycardia, result 2 opposing influences acting on the heart simultaneously. Autonomic neurotransmitters: activate target cells, released from varicosities irregular expansions on the axon of a neuron, produce diffuse, non-directional release at the end of a neuron, preganglionic-postganglionic synapse.
