BIOL 1003 Lecture 3: Bio exam review
16 Dec 2016
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BIOLOGY 1004 EXAM REVIEW
Chapter 1-4
Eukaryotic cell: subdivided into various membrane-enclosed organelle; largest organelle is nucleus (contains
cell’s DNA), other organelles are in cytoplasm (the entire region between nucleus and membrane of the cell),
Examples are Protista, fungi, plantae and Animalia kingdoms
Prokaryotic cell: DNA is not separated, and lacks of organelles compared to eukaryotic cells.
Examples are bacteria and archaea
Ph scales: 0-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is basic:
Functional groups
Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
-structural: diff covalent arrangements
-Cis-trans: diff arrangements
-Enantiomers: mirror images
Miller-Urey experiment: It’s importance is that it showed that molecules crucial to life could be produced
abiotically (non-living factors like sunlight) under reducing atmospheric conditions.
Chapter 5
Biological Macromolecules: complex polymers (a long molecule consisted of similar or identical monomers
linked by covalent bonds) that are assembled from monomers (building blocks of polymers)
Ex. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Enzymes help speed up the reaction when synthesizing and breaking down polymers.
Dehydration (loss of water) is the synthesizing of polymer (monomers connect)
Hydrolysis is breaking the polymer by adding water.
Carbohydrates
-consists of simple sugars and polymers of sugars
-Monosaccharides (CH2O) mainly represented by glucose (C6H12O6). It has a carbonyl group (C=O)
and multiple hydroxyl group (-OH).
-Disaccharides are made of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond (by dehydration)
-Polysaccharides are made up of few hundred of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic acid.
-Storages polysaccharides are plants and animals storing sugar for later use.
-Starch is stored by plants (glucose joined by -(1-4) linkages). It represents as stored
energy.
-Glycogen is stored by animals (joined by -(1-4) linkages)
-Structural polysaccharides are what makes the organisms build strong materials.
-Cellulose is a component of the tough walls that enclose plants cells. Glucoses are joined by
(1-4) linkages. Humans cannot digest cellulose.
-Chitin the carbohydrates used by insects to build their exoskeletons. Similar to cellulose but
has a nitrogen-containing appendages.
Proteins
-they consists of one or more polypeptides (unbranched polymers built from 20 amino acids)
-some proteins speed up chemical reactions, while others defence, storage, transport, cellular
communication, movement or structure support.
-Catalyst enzymatic proteins that regulate metabolism.
-Amino acids ae linked by peptide bond so a polymer of amino acids are called polypeptide
-Amino acids are made of amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (OH-C=O), hydrogen atom and side
chain (R group). The center has an carbon.
-If there’s a change in pH, salt concentration, temperature or other aspects of the environment, it
causes weak chemical bonds and interactions w/in a protein may be destroyed, causing the protein
to unravel and lose its native shape, its called denaturation.
-Renaturation is when it regains its activity. From denatured protein to normal protein.
-Levels of protein structure
-Primary: (linear chain of amino acids) the sequences of amino acids in order. It’s
determined by inherited genetic information. It dictates secondary and tertiary structure.
-Secondary: (region stabilized by H-bonds b/ atoms of polypeptide backbones) It’s the
repeated coiled ( helix) or folded ( pleated sheet) in patterns. Fibrous proteins are defined
by secondary structure like collagen.
-Tertiary: (3-D shape stabilized by interactions b/ side chains). Hydrophobic interactions is
when polypeptide folds into it’s functional shape, amino acids usually end up in a cluster at
the core of the protein out of contact w water. Van der Waals interactions help hold the
nonpolar amino acids together. Hydrogen bonds b/ polar side chains helps stabilize tertiary
structures. Covalent bonds called disulphide bridges (-S-S-) reinforce the shape of proteins.
-Quaternary: (association of multiple polypeptides, forming a functional protein) the overall
protein structure that result from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits.
-Chaperonins are protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins. It keeps new
polypeptide separated from descriptive chemical conditions.
-Cofactors are non-protein compound that is bound to a protein and is essential for that proteins
function like vitamins and minerals.
Nucleic acids
-made of nucleotides
-they transmit and help express hereditary information
-gene is the inheritance unit
-polymers of nucleotides are DNA and RNA and called polynucleotides
-Nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds
-Nucleotides consist of nitrogenous bases, 5 carbon sugar, and phosphate group
-Nucleoside has no phosphate group
-Pyrimides are 1 sex-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil)
-Purines are larger with six-membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring (Adenine and Guanine)
-A,G,C in DNA and RNA; T in DNA and U in RNA
-DNA forms a “double helix” strand and in 5’ to 3’ direction and are antiparallel to each other
Document Summary
Eukaryotic cell: subdivided into various membrane-enclosed organelle; largest organelle is nucleus (contains cell"s dna), other organelles are in cytoplasm (the entire region between nucleus and membrane of the cell), Prokaryotic cell: dna is not separated, and lacks of organelles compared to eukaryotic cells. Ph scales: 0-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is basic: Examples are protista, fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms. Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. Miller-urey experiment: it"s importance is that it showed that molecules crucial to life could be produced abiotically (non-living factors like sunlight) under reducing atmospheric conditions. Biological macromolecules: complex polymers (a long molecule consisted of similar or identical monomers linked by covalent bonds) that are assembled from monomers (building blocks of polymers) Enzymes help speed up the reaction when synthesizing and breaking down polymers. Dehydration (loss of water) is the synthesizing of polymer (monomers connect) Hydrolysis is breaking the polymer by adding water.
