COMS 3407 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Todd Gitlin, The Whole World
3 Apr 2020
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In the whole world is watching (1980), todd gitlin defined frames as: persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation, of selection, emphasis and exclusion by which symbol-handlers routinely organize discourse . In news framing: theory and typology, information design journal 13, no. 51-62, claes h. de vreese defined framing as: an emphasis in salience of difference aspects of a topic . Joseph capella and kathleen jamieson list four criteria that a news frame must satisfy: Ii) be commonly observable in journalistic practice; Iii) be reliably distinguishable from other frames; Iv) be recognized by others or have representational validity . In framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm, journal of communication. 51-58, robert m. entman made the problematic suggestion that framing serves four main purposes and these operate in four locations in the communication process: In common knowledge (chicago: university of chicago press, 1992), w. russell. Neuman et al. developed a typology of five generic or meta-frames:
