PSCI 3606 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Lloyd Axworthy, Human Security, Flexible Response
11 Jun 2018
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November 13, 2017
Evolution of Canadian Defense and security policies
Inside / outside and CFP
• Developed by RBJ walker, the inside/ outside division reflects the dichotomous
understanding of sovereignty in international relations.
- Those ‘inside’ the states are the proper focus of efforts to provide citizens with
security and well-being.
- Those outside the state are unambiguously defined as the ‘other’ and thus beyond the
definition of altruism, to be assisted and defended only if it is in the state’s interest to
do so.
• However, Canadian defense policy seems to suggest a wider understanding of the ‘inside’
of the Canadian state (the realm)
• Under the Pearson government, the 1964 defense white Paper unified the three armed
services and develop conventional forces to adhere to the American doctrine of ‘flexible
response’
• The objectives of defense policy were listed in order as
1. Contributions to UN collective security
2. Canada’s commitment to NATO and the collective defense of the West.
3. The cooperative defense of North America alongside the US
4. The defense…
• Under the Trudeau government, the problem of Canadian sovereignty and national unity
were emphasized for defense policy
• The 1971 defense White Paper, Defense in the 70’s, reversed the priorities states in 1964,
and narrowed the realm to be defensed:
- The protection of Canadian sovereignty
- Assistance to civilian authorities.
- Continental defense commitments through NORAD over expeditionary commitments
to western Allies abroad.
- Contributions to UN peacekeeping missions.
• The election of the Mulroney government shifted focus to re-occupation with the cold
war and concentrated on two goals:
- Closer defense ties to the US
- Closing the commitment- capability gap.
• The 1987 White Paper, Challenge and Commitment, outlined recommendations for
higher defense expenditures and investments in military equipment but became obsolete
with the end of the Cold War.
• In 1994 defense White Paper, the principle concern was the promotion of affordable
defense policies designed to secure the Canadian national interest in a time of great fiscal
imbalances.
• Canada’s military capabilities could be curtailed without endangering Canadian national
security in the short term with the end of the cold war and the absence of a direct military
threat to Canada.
• The Canadian forces would be smaller and leaner, funded by less than 60 percent of the
expenditures allocated by the 1987 White house paper and the government would have to
be more selective.
Adoption of Human Security
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Document Summary
Inside / outside and cfp: developed by rbj walker, the inside/ outside division reflects the dichotomous understanding of sovereignty in international relations. Those inside" the states are the proper focus of efforts to provide citizens with security and well-being. Continental defense commitments through norad over expeditionary commitments to western allies abroad. Contributions to un peacekeeping missions: the election of the mulroney government shifted focus to re-occupation with the cold war and concentrated on two goals: Closing the commitment- capability gap: the 1987 white paper, challenge and commitment, outlined recommendations for higher defense expenditures and investments in military equipment but became obsolete with the end of the cold war. Shortfall in the canadian forces"s core capabilities and operational readiness. The role of the canadian forces in counting terrorism, especially in the light of the prevailing wisdom that the military"s role in protecting canadian from terrorism was an expeditionary one. The belief that canada"s international stature was in declined.
