WGST 1808 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Hamadryas Baboon, Human Genome Project, Cisgender

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redcrocodile640

18 Oct 2016

School

Carleton University

Department

Women's and Gender Studies

Course

WGST 1808

Professor

Debra Graham

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Document Summary

The two-sex order is universal, a fact of nature. If you are born as a male, you will stay a male and act masculine. A label for people who have match between the gender/sex they were assigned at birth, their bodies, and their personal identity. Ie: born as a girl and identify as a girl. Nature no matter draws the line between the sexes. We have to admit to ourselves that the categories that we use are fuzzy and not stable. Indicates a person who does not feel aligned with the sex they were assigned at birth. Science is more advanced and we have recognized that some people"s biology does not fall perfectly into one category or the other easily. Interse(cid:454) people often get surgeries the(cid:455) do not want but trans people need to fight to get the surgeries they want. It can manifest at birth or even later in life (graham, 2016)

Related Questions

Meadow voles differ from prairie voles in that they:

	a.	are not monogamous.
	b.	show preference for a single partner if the AVPR1A gene is blocked.
	c.	release vasopressin but not oxytocin.
	d.	release oxytocin but not vasopressin.

5 points

Question 2

Painful events are detected by:

	a.	Free nerve endings.
	b.	Merkel's disks.
	c.	Meissner's corpuscles.
	d.	Pacinian corpuscles.

5 points

Question 3

It has been found that:

	a.	Language memory is stored near Broca's area.
	b.	Identifying pictures of hand tools uses memories stored in the left temporal lobe and hand motor areas.
	c.	Identifying the color of an object requires memories stored in the temporal lobe.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 4

Sex is considered to be a form of ___ behavior.

	a.	chaotic
	b.	motivated
	c.	learned
	d.	innate

5 points

Question 5

A difference between Einstein's brain and the average brain is that:

	a.	It was larger in size.
	b.	It was lighter in weight.
	c.	There were more neurons.
	d.	There was no difference.

5 points

Question 6

The individual in the opening chapter vignette lost virtually all motor control because the control of our muscles and, hence, our limbs and bodies is heavily influenced by and has to be integrated with our ___.

	a.	proprioception sense
	b.	vestibular sense
	c.	skin senses
	d.	visceral sense

5 points

Question 7

Which cortical area is most important for maintaining information in working memory when a distracting stimulus is introduced?

	a.	Temporal lobe.
	b.	Parietal lobe.
	c.	Prefrontal cortex.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 8

The anxiolytics that have the highest abuse and addiction potentials are:

	a.	Barbiturates.
	b.	SNRIs.
	c.	Benzodiazepines.
	d.	Tricyclics.

5 points

Question 9

If your grandfather suffered a stroke in his left prefrontal cortex, in what ability would he likely be most impaired?

	a.	Working out a complicated math problem in his head.
	b.	Wondering what the capital city of Nevada is.
	c.	Playing the piano.
	d.	Quickly telling you the value of 3x3.

5 points

Question 10

Major depression:

	a.	Can usually be explained by exposure to prolonged stress.
	b.	Always consists of decreased physical activity.
	c.	Generally appears after midlife.
	d.	None of the above.

5 points

Question 11

According to your text, one of the reasons that some psychologists question the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder is that:

	a.	Symptoms seem to come and go.
	b.	The symptoms are not consistent across diagnosing psychologists.
	c.	The number of diagnosed cases increased from 500 to 5000 over a period of six years.
	d.	They believe it is a popular diagnosis due to movies such as The Three Faces of Eve.

5 points

Question 12

When the differences in body size are accounted for, the average male's brain is ___ than the average female's brain.

	a.	heavier
	b.	lighter
	c.	the same size
	d.	the same ratio

5 points

Question 13

All of the following make it difficult to determine if there are gender-related differences in behavior and cognition except:

	a.	The results show evidence for strong differences, but people do not want to accept them.
	b.	Different researchers tend measure the same characteristic in different ways.
	c.	The differences that exist are relatively small.
	d.	People tend to talk to children dressed as boys or girls in different, subtle ways.

5 points

Question 14

The leading environmental cause of intellectual disability is:

	a.	Maternal alcoholism.
	b.	Rubella.
	c.	Prenatal exposure to virus.
	d.	Early infancy exposure to viruses.

5 points

Question 15

Antipsychotic medicines have come to be known as ___, which means ___.

	a.	psycholeptics; to have antipsychotic effects
	b.	neuroleptics; to have anti-neurosis effects
	c.	neuroleptics; to seize control of a neuron
	d.	psycholeptics; to seize control of a psychosis

5 points

Question 16

Using classical conditioning to pair a loud boat horn with presenting a blue slide, researchers found that with:

	a.	Hippocampus damage, conditioning occurred even though the subjects could not describe what was learned.
	b.	Amygdala damage, conditioning occurred even though the subjects could not describe what was learned.
	c.	Hippocampus damage, no conditioning occurred but subjects could describe the procedure.
	d.	None of the above.

5 points

Question 17

In the most famous case of Ablatio penis, where a young boy with XY chromosomes had his penis destroyed during a circumcision,

	a.	the child (Bruce) was born as a hermaphrodite and the decision was made to rear him as a girl (Brenda).
	b.	Money counseled the parents that by rearing the child (Bruce) as a girl, âsheâ (Brenda) would accept a female gender identity.
	c.	the child lost both testicles, which was the source for all of the male-specific hormones in âherâ body.
	d.	Money showed that the âneutral-at-birthâ position was in fact correct.

5 points

Question 18

The method of introspection is seldom used in today's research because:

	a.	Machines were developed that were more accurate.
	b.	It was found to be too subjective.
	c.	It required too much training to produce accurate results.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 19

Both Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease produce damage to:

	a.	Declarative memory.
	b.	Nondeclarative memory.
	c.	Memory of Lincolnâs birthplace.
	d.	Memory of what you had for breakfast.

5 points

Question 20

Lucid dreamers:

	a.	Show characteristics of being both awake and asleep.
	b.	Can control the content of their dreams.
	c.	Know that they are dreaming.
	d.	All of the above.

Meadow voles differ from prairie voles in that they:

1.. Polymorphisms for a given trait are relatively common in most species. Discuss the possible advantages or polymorphisms in terms of evolutionary fitness. Be sure to relate your discussion to a specific example. It is also possible that organisms showing more heterozygosity may actually be less fit. Describe one such possible scenario.

2. In the peppered moth (Biston betularia), black individuals may be either homozygous (A1A1) or heterozygous(A1A2), whereas the pale gray moths are homozygous (A2A2). Suppose that in a sample of 250 moths from one locality, 108 are black, and 142 are gray.

3. Retrace the history of primate evolution from early primates to monkeys, apes and hominins. When did some ofthe significant divergences occur (such as between the prosimians and the monkeys or between the chimps and hominins)? What was happening with the continents and the major climatic conditions during these times?What are the major species (including the extinct species) along the human lineage after the split with the chimps and bonobos? Where did many of these events occur on the globe and when?

4. Spencer Wells described his study how the genetic markers in humans are being used to infer the historical geographical distribution of humans and the dispersal of our ancestors. Explain how the genetic markers on our DNA (from blood samples) helps us understand that history. What are the techniques he is using? What is the nature of the evidence? What are the major conclusions about the journey of our ancestors out of Africa?What were the major migrations of humans to all the other continents? Approximately when did each migration occur and what were the major paths? How does the evidence support these conclusions? What Supporting evidence besides the DNA evidence is being used to support these conclusions?

5. Provide an adaptive and a non adaptive hypothesis for the evolutionary loss of useless organs, such as eyes in many cave-dwelling animals. How might these hypotheses be tested?

6. Directional selection is one of the models of natural selection. Describe this type of selection in terms of the frequencies of advantageous alleles over time. What is the trend over time? What is the eventual outcome for this allele as long as no other evolutionary factors intervene? Describe at least one good example of directional selection.

7. Consider the first copy of an allele for insecticide resistance that arises by mutation in a population of insects exposed to an insecticide. Is this mutation an adaptation? If, after some generations, we find that most of the population is resistant, is the resistance an adaptation? If we discover genetic variation for insecticide resistance in a population that has had no experience of insecticides, is that variation an adaptation? If an insect population is polymorphic for two alleles, each of which confers resistance against one of two pesticides that are alternately applied, is that variation an adaptation? Or is each of the two resistance traits an adaptation?Explain your reasoning thoroughly.

8. Suppose that a mutation in a species of annual plant increases allocation to chemical defenses against herbivores, but decreases production of flowers and seeds (i.e., there is an allocation trade-off). What would you have to measure in a field study in order to predict whether or not the frequency of the mutation will increase?

9. In many socially monogamous species of parrots and other birds, both sexes are brilliantly colored or highly ornamented. Is sexual selection likely to be responsible for the coloration and ornaments of both sexes? How can there be sexual selection in pair-bonding species with a 1:1 sex ratio, since every individual presumably obtains a mate? Which of the models of sexual selection described in the book might account for these species characteristics?

10. Kin selection explains why organisms may provide benefits to relatives. Is there a conflict between the principle of kin selection and the evolution of siblicide and abortion?

11.Many species of albatrosses and other seabirds nest in colonies on islands. The adult search for food at sea,sometimes over great distances. Some ecologists who study seabirds turn to their favorite topic of discussion in a bar one evening, and one says, âI can imagine an albatross genotype that destroys the eggs of nestlings of its colony mates when the parents are away foraging, and leaves them dead without eating them. Do you think such a behavior would evolve?â One of his companions says, âYes, because it would make more food available for the albatross and its offspring.â Another says, âNo, because it would threaten the survival of the population.â The fourth says, âYouâre both wrong. I have a different explanation for why albatrosses donât kill othersâ chicks.â What is the fourth ecologistâs explanation, and why does she think her companions are wrong?

12. The concept of a species is fundamental to understanding biology, yet there may not be one definition that fits all âtypesâ of organisms (e.g. animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, slime mold, lichens, etc.). Discuss several of the definitions of a species as presented in class and present your own definition for a species. Compare the strengths and weaknesses of each definition. Ernst Mayr is strong proponent of the biological species concept.How does he justify his position? Do you agree or disagree? If we employ the biological species concept, when did species first exist? What were organisms before then, if not species? What might the consequences of the emergence of species be for processes of adaptation and diversification? Be sure to explain your reasoning thoroughly.

13. The process of speciation ultimately involves the development of reproductive isolation between two related populations of organisms. Describe the various types of both prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation and give an example of each.

14. Respond to the following quote from the character named Mr. Spock in âStar Trekâ:âA truly successful parasite is commensal, living in amity with its host, or even giving it positive advantages, as for instance, the protozoans who live in the digestive system of your termites and digest for them the wood they eat. A parasite that regularly and inevitably kills its host cannot survive long, in the evolutionary sense, unless it multiplies with tremendous rapidity ... it is not pro-survival.âFrom what you have learned in this course, do you agree or disagree with Spock? How can you apply your reasoning to the relative âfitnessâ of HIV which causes AIDS, the Ebola virus which causes hemorrhagic fever,fleas which suck blood from dogs, or the prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

15. In many species of birds and mammals, clutch size is larger in populations at high latitudes than in population sat low latitudes. Species of lizards and snakes at high latitudes often have smaller clutches, however, and are more frequently viviparous (bear live young rather than laying eggs), than low-latitude species. What selective factors might be responsible for these patterns? Explain your reasoning.

16. The popular media often presents evolution as being a predictable process with a definite goal. For instance, in one âStar Trek: Voyagerâ episode, the captain instructs the shipâs computer to extrapolate the âprobable courseâ of evolution of hadrosaurs (a bipedal dinosaur), if hadrosaurs had been removed from Earth before the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Extinction and allowed to evolve on another planet. What information about the hadrosaursâ new environment would have been useful in developing the best possible prediction? Given what you know on genetic drift and selective agents, is it possible to accurately predict the long-term course of evolution?

17. Young children often develop strong food preferences that sometimes seem bizarre to their parents --- such as wanting to eat only a certain food prepared in a familiar way, or being reluctant to each new foods or foods with strong or bitter tastes (like coffee and some vegetables). Develop an evolutionary explanation for such preferences. What evidence would you gather to investigate your hypothesis and rule out alternative explanations?

18. Many organisms, such as mammals, only reproduce by sexual means. Other organisms are exclusively asexual,such as many of the bacteria and fungi. And still others have ways of propagating by both sexual and asexualmeans. Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of each mode of reproduction. Why arenât all organisms sexual critters? Why are many asexual organisms still very successful as evidenced by the pure abundance and diversity? What is the adaptive significance of having different genders (e.g. male and female)?In other words, why sex?

19. How might differential expression and regulation by Hox genes contribute to mosaic evolution in which different segments of an animal body plan evolve different morphology?

20. Development of a morphological structure involves many different types of gene products, including transcription factors, signaling proteins, and âeffectorâ genes such as enzymes. When a morphological change occurs in a single mutational step, which of these types might be more or less likely to be involved? Within a gene, would such single-step events be more likely to involve coding or non-coding sequences, and what characteristics of the geneâs function might affect this likelihood?

21. Since 2001, the complete DNA sequences of the genomes of many people have been determined. If humans,along with other forms of life, have evolved from a common ancestor, what evidence of this would be expected in the human genome? In what ways might the history and processes of evolution help us interpret and make sense of the human genome sequence data?

22. Paleontologists and some biologists commonly infer function, and even behavior, from anatomical details.Skeletal features, for example, are often used to infer that an extinct mammal (such as an early hominid) was highly, somewhat, or not at all arboreal. This inference assumes a good fit of form to function (i.e., optimal form). Can this assumption be justified?

23. Stephen Jay Gould (1989) and others have argued that the evolution of self-conscious, intelligent species (i.e.humans) was historically contingent: it would not have occurred had any of a great many historical events been different. The philosopher Daniel Dennett (1995) and others have disagreed, arguing that convergent evolution is so common that if humans had not evolved, some other lineage would probably have given rise to a species with similar mental abilities. What do you think, and why? If Gouldâs position is right, what are its philosophical implications, if any?

24. Explain how Intelligent Design was determined as a religious view rather than a scientific view in the court casein Dover, PA. Should a scientific explanation of evolution be included in a science curriculum in K-12 schools?How is science and religion different in how they seek answers to questions? How is term "theory" used differently in science than in everyday English use? What is biological evolution? What evidence is used to support the scientific explanation of evolution? Is it possible to accept scientific explanations without rejecting religious faith?

25. Discuss how a creationist versus an evolutionary biologist might explain some human characteristics and the implications of their differences. Sample characteristics: eyes; wisdom teeth; individually unique friction ridges(fingerprints); five digits rather than some other number; susceptibility to infections; fever when infected;variation in sexual orientation; limited life span.

WGST 1808 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Hamadryas Baboon, Human Genome Project, Cisgender

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