HIST 221 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Immigration Restriction Act 1901, Bonus Army, United States Public Health Service
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Politics of Mass Consumption
L.Glickman Thesis - idea of being a consumer over being a citizen
People interacted and participated with government through
activism around certain issues
○
People thought they had more power as consumers
○
The government defines it relationship to citizens as their roles as
consumers
○
Women are not involved in the public realm and politics -
discussing with other women about issues
○
Consumption became mainstream politics of the US
○
-
Ideals of "consumer citizenship"
Votes in the marketplace and a democracy of goods and services
○
Rights: access to leisure time, entertainment, higher standards of
living through products
○
-
Culture industries and discount entertainment revolution
New modes of identity formation (women, Al Joelson)
○
Opportunities for self-representation and self-expression
○
Hierarchies of labour, not equally accessible to everyone
○
-
Politics of Mobility
Geographic mobility as (limited) response to hardship and violence
-
Urban possibilities
-
1920s - period of demographic change and ethnoracial mapping
-
Modern immigration structures and ideologies
Gate keeping
○
Emphasis on national origins
○
Constructed views of: definitions of race, relation between race
and citizenship
○
-
Johnson-Reed Immigration Restriction Act (1924) - ON EXAM
Widespread belief that prosperity and return to mass immigration was
not compatible
-
Passed to keep the American population from expanding in non-white
directions
-
Way to un-Constitutionality of race based Immigration law
-
1924 Immigration act
Immigration quotas pegged to national origins of 1890 census
African-descended Americans were not allowed into the US
except for few white land owners from Africa
§
Used this census because it was more white
§
○
Reaffirmed and widened "Asian" exclusion
○
Western hemisphere left open and is still allowed to migrate
Border patrol, head taxes
§
○
Largely governed the US immigration policy until 1965
○
-
"Funneling mass migration into a slow trickle"
Transoceanic migration fell 80% Mexican immigration increasingly
important (.5 million in 20s, Mexican agricultural worker makes
50c for every $1 American agricultural workers make)
○
Labourers are still coming into the US, Mexican, Latin American
and Caribbean migration become increasingly important to the US
economy
○
-
One of the main reason this act is allowed to pass is due to the
academics and scientists that argue for this to be passed (eugenics
movement lobbied congressmen to pass laws)
Provided evidence to congress for this act to take place
○
-
There are certain things that don't fit into this - no Asian immigration but
Filipinos are able to immigrate because they are seen as America's
possession
-
Border Crossings
Trans-American labour inc. KEY to US growth post 1924
Plus from US overseas possession s
○
-
Medicalized borders
Fitness, disability, disease screenings
○
-
US public health service (USPHS) began medical screenings US-Mexican
border in 1916 at it became increasingly medicalized
-
Medical inspections, baths (even for labourers who crossed daily),
possibility of quarantine
-
Inspections on extended labour camps
Emphasis on personal hygiene rather than living conditions at
labour camps
○
Contested about who gets to be part of America
○
-
Suburbs
1920s also as era of early suburbanization/white flight from cities
-
Importance of automobile, growth in public infrastructure
Public transport
○
Roads
○
-
1920: 17% of US population in suburbs, 20% in 1940
-
Restrictive housing covenants, loan structures
-
Secretary of the Treasury Herbert Hoover - Better Homes in America
-
Election
Coolidge "The business of America is business"
-
Election of Hoover in 1928
Emblem of American Dream of self-made man
○
Secretary of Commerce in 1920s, 250 conferences
○
Emphasis on associationalism, progressive working together of
government, business, labour (gov as helping coordinate)
○
-
Gets into office and says:
"We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty
that ever before in the history of any land" - Herbert Hoover
○
-
Speculation
20s as a decade of relative prosperity, but also wealth inequality
-
1928-29, NYSE huge run-up in prices
Dow Jones x2
○
Investors buying on margin (credit, usually 10%)
○
RCA stock increases 400% in 1928 due to policies from Coolidge
and Hoover
○
-
Crash
Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929
Stock values plummet $14 billion
○
Triggered panic that would soon become all-out depression over
the next two years
○
Had international ramifications that became evident
○
-
1931: over 2,000 US banks fail
-
Unemployment soars 25%
-
1929-33: Industrial production down 50%; new investment went from
$16 billion to $1 billion; 100,000 US businesses go bankrupt
Not everyone goes bankrupt, rich people buy up their competitors
at really cheap prices (merge businesses)
○
-
Global: banks dependent on US credit failed
-
Hoover's Response
First, tried associationalism
1 year moratorium on European loan repayments
○
-
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
Reprisals, slowed already crippled international trade
○
Raised tariffs to collect more revenue for the government but it
didn't work and the US sank more deeply into the depression
○
Infuriates other countries who pass reprisals against the US
○
-
Federal Reserve Board tightened credit, 1930-31 - international effects
-
Bonus Army Fiasco
-
Americans have a right to a certain standard of living
Lecture 17 -Road to the Great Depression
Wednesday, February 14, 2018
9:31 AM
Politics of Mass Consumption
L.Glickman Thesis - idea of being a consumer over being a citizen
People interacted and participated with government through
activism around certain issues
○
People thought they had more power as consumers
○
The government defines it relationship to citizens as their roles as
consumers
○
Women are not involved in the public realm and politics -
discussing with other women about issues
○
Consumption became mainstream politics of the US
○
-
Ideals of "consumer citizenship"
Votes in the marketplace and a democracy of goods and services
○
Rights: access to leisure time, entertainment, higher standards of
living through products
○
-
Culture industries and discount entertainment revolution
New modes of identity formation (women, Al Joelson)
○
Opportunities for self-representation and self-expression
○
Hierarchies of labour, not equally accessible to everyone
○
-
Politics of Mobility
Geographic mobility as (limited) response to hardship and violence
-
Urban possibilities
-
1920s - period of demographic change and ethnoracial mapping
-
Modern immigration structures and ideologies
Gate keeping
○
Emphasis on national origins
○
Constructed views of: definitions of race, relation between race
and citizenship
○
-
Johnson-Reed Immigration Restriction Act (1924) - ON EXAM
Widespread belief that prosperity and return to mass immigration was
not compatible
-
Passed to keep the American population from expanding in non-white
directions
-
Way to un-Constitutionality of race based Immigration law
-
1924 Immigration act
Immigration quotas pegged to national origins of 1890 census
African-descended Americans were not allowed into the US
except for few white land owners from Africa
§
Used this census because it was more white
§
○
Reaffirmed and widened "Asian" exclusion
○
Western hemisphere left open and is still allowed to migrate
Border patrol, head taxes
§
○
Largely governed the US immigration policy until 1965
○
-
"Funneling mass migration into a slow trickle"
Transoceanic migration fell 80% Mexican immigration increasingly
important (.5 million in 20s, Mexican agricultural worker makes
50c for every $1 American agricultural workers make)
○
Labourers are still coming into the US, Mexican, Latin American
and Caribbean migration become increasingly important to the US
economy
○
-
One of the main reason this act is allowed to pass is due to the
academics and scientists that argue for this to be passed (eugenics
movement lobbied congressmen to pass laws)
Provided evidence to congress for this act to take place
○
-
There are certain things that don't fit into this - no Asian immigration but
Filipinos are able to immigrate because they are seen as America's
possession
-
Border Crossings
Trans-American labour inc. KEY to US growth post 1924
Plus from US overseas possession s
○
-
Medicalized borders
Fitness, disability, disease screenings
○
-
US public health service (USPHS) began medical screenings US-Mexican
border in 1916 at it became increasingly medicalized
-
Medical inspections, baths (even for labourers who crossed daily),
possibility of quarantine
-
Inspections on extended labour camps
Emphasis on personal hygiene rather than living conditions at
labour camps
○
Contested about who gets to be part of America
○
-
Suburbs
1920s also as era of early suburbanization/white flight from cities
-
Importance of automobile, growth in public infrastructure
Public transport
○
Roads
○
-
1920: 17% of US population in suburbs, 20% in 1940
-
Restrictive housing covenants, loan structures
-
Secretary of the Treasury Herbert Hoover - Better Homes in America
-
Election
Coolidge "The business of America is business"
-
Election of Hoover in 1928
Emblem of American Dream of self-made man
○
Secretary of Commerce in 1920s, 250 conferences
○
Emphasis on associationalism, progressive working together of
government, business, labour (gov as helping coordinate)
○
-
Gets into office and says:
"We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty
that ever before in the history of any land" - Herbert Hoover
○
-
Speculation
20s as a decade of relative prosperity, but also wealth inequality
-
1928-29, NYSE huge run-up in prices
Dow Jones x2
○
Investors buying on margin (credit, usually 10%)
○
RCA stock increases 400% in 1928 due to policies from Coolidge
and Hoover
○
-
Crash
Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929
Stock values plummet $14 billion
○
Triggered panic that would soon become all-out depression over
the next two years
○
Had international ramifications that became evident
○
-
1931: over 2,000 US banks fail
-
Unemployment soars 25%
-
1929-33: Industrial production down 50%; new investment went from
$16 billion to $1 billion; 100,000 US businesses go bankrupt
Not everyone goes bankrupt, rich people buy up their competitors
at really cheap prices (merge businesses)
○
-
Global: banks dependent on US credit failed
-
Hoover's Response
First, tried associationalism
1 year moratorium on European loan repayments
○
-
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
Reprisals, slowed already crippled international trade
○
Raised tariffs to collect more revenue for the government but it
didn't work and the US sank more deeply into the depression
○
Infuriates other countries who pass reprisals against the US
○
-
Federal Reserve Board tightened credit, 1930-31 - international effects
-
Bonus Army Fiasco
-
Americans have a right to a certain standard of living
Lecture 17 -Road to the Great Depression
Wednesday, February 14, 2018
9:31 AM
Document Summary
Lecture 17 - road to the great depression. L. glickman thesis - idea of being a consumer over being a citizen. People interacted and participated with government through activism around certain issues. People thought they had more power as consumers. The government defines it relationship to citizens as their roles as consumers. Women are not involved in the public realm and politics - discussing with other women about issues. Votes in the marketplace and a democracy of goods and services. Rights: access to leisure time, entertainment, higher standards of living through products. New modes of identity formation (women, al joelson) Hierarchies of labour, not equally accessible to everyone. Geographic mobility as (limited) response to hardship and violence. 1920s - period of demographic change and ethnoracial mapping. Constructed views of: definitions of race, relation between race and citizenship. Johnson-reed immigration restriction act (1924) - on exam.
