HIST 221 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Nsc-68, Korean War, Marshall Islands
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Recap
National Security Act made security a large part of the federal budget
-
NSC 68 was essentially a road map to the Cold War
Cold War was seeking to win the hearts and minds of systems of
government and economic systems
○
Containment was an ideology of the Cold War
○
-
Korean War
Civil War - international conflict
NSC-68 vindication
○
-
38th parallel (Japanese colonialism, WWII occupation zones, US-SU WWII
negotiation)
Deployment of US troops to fight in another war, ideology of
containment
○
-
US-United Nations support of South, to stop communist advance
SU boycotting UN (China/PRC)
○
-
Mission: "rollback" of communism and unification of country under non-
communist government
Death tolls: estimated up to 1/10 of all Koreans
○
-
US threatens to use nuclear weapons
-
US support for French in Indochina
Commitment to battling communist nationalists around the world
○
Ho Chi Minh requests US support for Vietnamese independence (part of a
larger decolonization trend)
○
People are disappointed when US starts to support the French instead of
helping Vietnamese gain independence
○
-
Proxy war: US, China, USSR play a large role in the Civil War
-
Korean War ends in a stalemate (still divided at the 38th parallel)
Shows the way national security policies and ideas about containment
have enormous effects on other parts of the world
○
Contribute in US government of fueling of money towards programs and
technology
○
While this is going on, US builds and detonates of nuclear weapons and
they do this in places like the Marshall islands
Sometimes requires the evacuation of places, like Marshall islands
which turns into a nuclear testing center
§
○
-
1952 Election
Dwight Eisenhower versus Adlai Stevenson
Dwight Eisenhower was a WWII hero and worked as the army chief of
staff after the war, was then the chief of NATO
Had a very patriotic rising up in politics within the military structure
that was becoming very important to American politics
§
○
-
Foreign policy and national security become central to the election
He criticizes what he sees as a war that is not going well in Korea
○
"Korea, communism and corruption"
○
Korean war ends in the cease fire in 1953
○
-
Election is important because it shows realignment in the Republican party
People increasingly looked towards the republicans because national
security was an increasingly important part of their platform
○
-
Republican realignment
Interventionist foreign policy
○
Carried 4 Southern states
Charged radicals, subversives and reds in the Democratic party
§
○
-
Fraying in FDR's Democratic Coalition
-
Military Buildup
Emphasis on rolling back instead of just containment
-
Wide network of military bases
-
Emphasis on nuclear weapons, air power (new look)
New look of the American military is fast, sleek and is focused on air
power
○
-
Surveillance
U2 spy planes
○
-
Psy-ops and covert ops
Growth of CIA, 6,000 - 15,000 over 1950s
○
Coup in Iran, election of anti-communist president in Philippines, toppling
of Guatemala's Arbenz
Friendly to the US and lets the US have air bases in Iran
§
○
-
Alliances with pro-US foreign militaries
South Africa's apartheid government
○
-
Shows increasingly expensive technologies in order to maintain its superpower
status
-
Reshuffling of military to be focused on air power
-
Cold War Review
Asia and Pacific Islands
-
Marshall plan and NATO
-
Solidified position with Iran, Greece, Turkey, Latin America
-
National Security
"Militarization of American Life"
Military and economic policy making merged
○
(Male) draft ongoing
End up in military bases over seas or in Korea
§
○
Economic effects
○
"National Security" discourse
○
-
"National Security" and "Anti-Communism" in American life
Limitations on radical politics
○
Surveillance of domestic politics and culture
○
-
Militarization of American life bring men into the military as a job and helps to
create a political environment where military and domestic decision making
merge and become one
Embodied in the figure of Dwight Eisenhower, becomes a politician
because of his military credentials
○
-
Create significant limitations on radical politics and create state military police
structures that have the mandate to surveille domestic politics (red scare)
-
Containing Communism at Home
Truman's loyalty progream
Fears of Soviet espionage
○
Executive order 9835 - First Federal "Loyalty Program"
Everyone who works for the government has to sign a loyalty
pledge
§
○
Authorized Attorney General to identify and investigate subversive
organizations
Subversive organizations are defined in fuzzy ways - identify state
agents of the Soviets to identifying people that have something to
do with Communism
§
○
-
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) - "Red Scare"
Investigated subversive influences in Hollywood (1947) - blacklists Joseph
McCarthy
Becomes focused on examining communism in American life
§
Purging of Communists from the federal government and schools
§
Affects the culture industry and political minorities in the US
§
○
Lavender scare
Trying to root out "homosexuals" in the US government
§
Prone to blackmail by Soviet agents
§
○
J.Edgar Hoover and FBI
○
Rosenbergs pass nuclear secrets to the Soviets
Are convicted of spying on the US and are executed
§
Members of congress make investigating communism on the home
front central to their platforms
§
○
-
Huge waves of strikes in 1946
Largest wave in US history
○
Made people think that they were going to return to a great depression
type state
○
Strikes are seen to be "brought in by outside forces" and this is used for
the crackdowns that take place
○
Legal challenges to free speech and leftist activism
○
Anyone who was involved in speaking out about Red Scare became
targets for surveillance
○
-
Dennis vs. US (1951)
Eugene Dennis, Secretary of Communist Party in the US
○
Arrested for violating the Smith Act
WWII act saying it was illegal to advocate overthrowing of the
federal government
§
○
Emphasis on philosophy versus acts
○
First Amendment can advocate for whatever political beliefs that he
wants
○
Court sides with US, huge civil liberties debates ensued
○
Tries to appeal and loses his case
○
-
Shows the way labour activism, increasing surveillance has enormous effects on
American political culture
-
Containment at Home
Containment ideology affected prescriptive cultural norms of personal life
Family
○
Gender roles
○
Politics and culture
○
-
The nuclear family and the suburb
-
Response to culture of containment that becomes increasingly important is the
nuclear family and the suburb
-
Building the Suburbs
Economic shifts, demographic changes, and military strategy of
decentralization
-
Long-standing, but sped-up trend (1950s sub growth 10x urban)
-
1950-70 31.1 million to 75.6 million (suburbanization)
-
Federal subsidization of private home ownership
GI Bill - education, training, loans
Men go to college and women get training programs, receive loans
that can be applied towards housing
§
0% interest loan
§
○
Housing act of 1949 - urban renewal and suburbanization
Native American Urban Relocation Program (1952)
§
○
Highway Act of 1956
○
Federal housing administration (FHA): 5% down, government ensured
mortgage for white men
○
Tax policies - deductions for mortgage payments, low property taxes in
some places
○
-
Moving people around the country and into the suburbs
-
Had been going on since the 1920s but really speeds up in the 1950s
-
Suburbanization happens not only because people want private properly, but
also because there is a push from the government ot incentivize
suburbanization and make it appealing to the American government
-
Help to produce a culture of suburbanization and a culture of anti-Communism
that affects things like gender roles in the US
-
Lecture 25 - Containment At Home and Abroad
Monday, March 12, 2018
9:33 AM
Recap
National Security Act made security a large part of the federal budget
-
NSC 68 was essentially a road map to the Cold War
Cold War was seeking to win the hearts and minds of systems of
government and economic systems
○
Containment was an ideology of the Cold War
○
-
Korean War
Civil War - international conflict
NSC-68 vindication
○
-
38th parallel (Japanese colonialism, WWII occupation zones, US-SU WWII
negotiation)
Deployment of US troops to fight in another war, ideology of
containment
○
-
US-United Nations support of South, to stop communist advance
SU boycotting UN (China/PRC)
○
-
Mission: "rollback" of communism and unification of country under non-
communist government
Death tolls: estimated up to 1/10 of all Koreans
○
-
US threatens to use nuclear weapons
-
US support for French in Indochina
Commitment to battling communist nationalists around the world
○
Ho Chi Minh requests US support for Vietnamese independence (part of a
larger decolonization trend)
○
People are disappointed when US starts to support the French instead of
helping Vietnamese gain independence
○
-
Proxy war: US, China, USSR play a large role in the Civil War
-
Korean War ends in a stalemate (still divided at the 38th parallel)
Shows the way national security policies and ideas about containment
have enormous effects on other parts of the world
○
Contribute in US government of fueling of money towards programs and
technology
○
While this is going on, US builds and detonates of nuclear weapons and
they do this in places like the Marshall islands
Sometimes requires the evacuation of places, like Marshall islands
which turns into a nuclear testing center
§
○
-
1952 Election
Dwight Eisenhower versus Adlai Stevenson
Dwight Eisenhower was a WWII hero and worked as the army chief of
staff after the war, was then the chief of NATO
Had a very patriotic rising up in politics within the military structure
that was becoming very important to American politics
§
○
-
Foreign policy and national security become central to the election
He criticizes what he sees as a war that is not going well in Korea
○
"Korea, communism and corruption"
○
Korean war ends in the cease fire in 1953
○
-
Election is important because it shows realignment in the Republican party
People increasingly looked towards the republicans because national
security was an increasingly important part of their platform
○
-
Republican realignment
Interventionist foreign policy
○
Carried 4 Southern states
Charged radicals, subversives and reds in the Democratic party
§
○
-
Fraying in FDR's Democratic Coalition
-
Military Buildup
Emphasis on rolling back instead of just containment
-
Wide network of military bases
-
Emphasis on nuclear weapons, air power (new look)
New look of the American military is fast, sleek and is focused on air
power
○
-
Surveillance
U2 spy planes
○
-
Psy-ops and covert ops
Growth of CIA, 6,000 - 15,000 over 1950s
○
Coup in Iran, election of anti-communist president in Philippines, toppling
of Guatemala's Arbenz
Friendly to the US and lets the US have air bases in Iran
§
○
-
Alliances with pro-US foreign militaries
South Africa's apartheid government
○
-
Shows increasingly expensive technologies in order to maintain its superpower
status
-
Reshuffling of military to be focused on air power
-
Cold War Review
Asia and Pacific Islands
-
Marshall plan and NATO
-
Solidified position with Iran, Greece, Turkey, Latin America
-
National Security
"Militarization of American Life"
Military and economic policy making merged
○
(Male) draft ongoing
End up in military bases over seas or in Korea
§
○
Economic effects
○
"National Security" discourse
○
-
"National Security" and "Anti-Communism" in American life
Limitations on radical politics
○
Surveillance of domestic politics and culture
○
-
Militarization of American life bring men into the military as a job and helps to
create a political environment where military and domestic decision making
merge and become one
Embodied in the figure of Dwight Eisenhower, becomes a politician
because of his military credentials
○
-
Create significant limitations on radical politics and create state military police
structures that have the mandate to surveille domestic politics (red scare)
-
Containing Communism at Home
Truman's loyalty progream
Fears of Soviet espionage
○
Executive order 9835 - First Federal "Loyalty Program"
Everyone who works for the government has to sign a loyalty
pledge
§
○
Authorized Attorney General to identify and investigate subversive
organizations
Subversive organizations are defined in fuzzy ways - identify state
agents of the Soviets to identifying people that have something to
do with Communism
§
○
-
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) - "Red Scare"
Investigated subversive influences in Hollywood (1947) - blacklists Joseph
McCarthy
Becomes focused on examining communism in American life
§
Purging of Communists from the federal government and schools
§
Affects the culture industry and political minorities in the US
§
○
Lavender scare
Trying to root out "homosexuals" in the US government
§
Prone to blackmail by Soviet agents
§
○
J.Edgar Hoover and FBI
○
Rosenbergs pass nuclear secrets to the Soviets
Are convicted of spying on the US and are executed
§
Members of congress make investigating communism on the home
front central to their platforms
§
○
-
Huge waves of strikes in 1946
Largest wave in US history
○
Made people think that they were going to return to a great depression
type state
○
Strikes are seen to be "brought in by outside forces" and this is used for
the crackdowns that take place
○
Legal challenges to free speech and leftist activism
○
Anyone who was involved in speaking out about Red Scare became
targets for surveillance
○
-
Dennis vs. US (1951)
Eugene Dennis, Secretary of Communist Party in the US
○
Arrested for violating the Smith Act
WWII act saying it was illegal to advocate overthrowing of the
federal government
§
○
Emphasis on philosophy versus acts
○
First Amendment can advocate for whatever political beliefs that he
wants
○
Court sides with US, huge civil liberties debates ensued
○
Tries to appeal and loses his case
○
-
Shows the way labour activism, increasing surveillance has enormous effects on
American political culture
-
Containment at Home
Containment ideology affected prescriptive cultural norms of personal life
Family
○
Gender roles
○
Politics and culture
○
-
The nuclear family and the suburb
-
Response to culture of containment that becomes increasingly important is the
nuclear family and the suburb
-
Building the Suburbs
Economic shifts, demographic changes, and military strategy of
decentralization
-
Long-standing, but sped-up trend (1950s sub growth 10x urban)
-
1950-70 31.1 million to 75.6 million (suburbanization)
-
Federal subsidization of private home ownership
GI Bill - education, training, loans
Men go to college and women get training programs, receive loans
that can be applied towards housing
§
0% interest loan
§
○
Housing act of 1949 - urban renewal and suburbanization
Native American Urban Relocation Program (1952)
§
○
Highway Act of 1956
○
Federal housing administration (FHA): 5% down, government ensured
mortgage for white men
○
Tax policies - deductions for mortgage payments, low property taxes in
some places
○
-
Moving people around the country and into the suburbs
-
Had been going on since the 1920s but really speeds up in the 1950s
-
Suburbanization happens not only because people want private properly, but
also because there is a push from the government ot incentivize
suburbanization and make it appealing to the American government
-
Help to produce a culture of suburbanization and a culture of anti-Communism
that affects things like gender roles in the US
-
Lecture 25 - Containment At Home and Abroad
Monday, March 12, 2018
9:33 AM
Document Summary
Lecture 25 - containment at home and abroad. National security act made security a large part of the federal budget. Nsc 68 was essentially a road map to the cold war. Cold war was seeking to win the hearts and minds of systems of government and economic systems. Containment was an ideology of the cold war. 38th parallel (japanese colonialism, wwii occupation zones, us-su wwii negotiation) Deployment of us troops to fight in another war, ideology of containment. Us-united nations support of south, to stop communist advance. Mission: rollback of communism and unification of country under non- communist government. Death tolls: estimated up to 1/10 of all koreans. Commitment to battling communist nationalists around the world. Ho chi minh requests us support for vietnamese independence (part of a larger decolonization trend) People are disappointed when us starts to support the french instead of helping vietnamese gain independence. Proxy war: us, china, ussr play a large role in the civil war.
