PSYC 311 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Retina Horizontal Cell, Brodmann Area, Nucleus Accumbens
8 Jun 2018
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Wednesday, May 2nd, 2017
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PSYC 311
Week 1 Lecture 3:
Reading required: The Cerebral Cortex
Review:
Medial View
- Calcarine Sulcus: where you have primary visual cortex; also called the striate cortex
- In the medial temporal lobe, you have three gyrus:
1. Parahippocampus gyrus
2. Fusiform Gyrus
3. Inferior temporal Gyrus
▪ Do’t ofuse ith lateral ie; ut ou see inferior temporal gyrus
medially since the brain is a circle, the cortex wraps around
▪ At lateral surface we have:
o STG (superior temporal gyrus)
o MTG
o ITG
- pyriform cortex:
o primary olfactory cortex: most anterior, sit right near rhinal sulcus
- Entorhinal Cortex: Behind pyriform: sits above amygdala: reacts to function to fear
response.
o Parahippocampal cortex: is not parahippocampus gyrus which is the entire part
The Parahippocampal gyrus:
- Pyriform cortex: primary olfactory cortex (extends from orbitofrontal cortex ( deals with
smell)
- Pyriform is the medial extension of that cortex
- Paleocortex (old cortex)/ heleocortex
o Entorinal cortex: sits above the amygdala
o Parahippocampal cortex: sits above hippocampus
o Hippoapus= sea horse
o Arhiorte first orte
▪ Hippocampus
• Hippocampus is a cortex ( old cortex)
• Parahypocampus gyrus coiled to make hippocampus.
• It kind of looks like the tail of the sea horse
o Amygdala is a subcortical structure
- We used to think that the entire PHG was for processing smell
o Thinencephalon-> nose brain
▪ Used to think it is all for olfactory
o Until patient H.M in 1950s
▪ Important for memory consolidation
Limbic Cortex:
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Wednesday, May 2nd, 2017
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- Anatomically, Cingulate Gyrus and Parahippocampal Gyrus are connected together in a
circle:
- Phylogenecally old cortex
- Used to e alled the lii loe
- Not the usual 6 layers neocortex (new cortex)
- About 3-4 layers
The study of cytoarchitecture:
- The cerebral cortex is not homogenous throughout: the cellular organization differs
- The ellular orgaizatio is referred to as toarhiteture to=ell
- Studies of cortical cytoarchitecture started in the late 1800s
- Iportae? Uderstadig the rai’s aatoial orgaizatio helps us to understand
its functional organization.
Two Main Types of Neurons in the Cortex:
- Pyramidal neurons:
o Cell body looks like pyramid
o Have basal dendrites: at the base
o Have apical dendrite: at the top of the pyramid
o Have prominent long axon:
o Purple in the graph
- Granule/ Stellate neurons:
o Much smaller
o Rounder cells, look like stars
o Usually do not leave the cortex (intrinsic), as they mainly distribute information
to neighboring layers
o They don't end up making white matters
- We can look at cell shape and size using different stains.
o E.g. Nissl stain: Gives the cell purplish color
▪ You can see different layers
- The cortical Layers:
o Layer 1: consists of few cells and those that are present are called horizontal
cells. ( squished, dendrites going horizontally, probably connecting to other
neurons, extending their axons to reach other neurons). Probably pools
information form different layers
o Layer 2: very small pyramidal neurons
o Layer 3: pyramidal neurons that mainly project axons to other cortical areas=
cortico-cortical connections
o Layer 4: granule cells that receive input from cortical and sub-cortical areas
(thalamus, basal ganglia)
o Layer 5: Large pyramidal cells that have axons that mainly extend to subcortical
structures, forming projection fibers.
o Laer 6: do’t orr aout it
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Calcarine sulcus: where you have primary visual cortex; also called the striate cortex. Pyriform cortex: primary olfactory cortex: most anterior, sit right near rhinal sulcus. Entorhinal cortex: behind pyriform: sits above amygdala: reacts to function to fear response: parahippocampal cortex: is not parahippocampus gyrus which is the entire part. Pyriform cortex: primary olfactory cortex (extends from orbitofrontal cortex ( deals with smell) Pyriform is the medial extension of that cortex. Paleocortex (old cortex)/ heleocortex: entorinal cortex: sits above the amygdala, parahippocampal cortex: sits above hippocampus, hippo(cid:272)a(cid:373)pus= (cid:862)sea horse(cid:863, ar(cid:272)hi(cid:272)orte(cid:454) (cid:894)(cid:862)first (cid:272)orte(cid:454)(cid:863)(cid:895, hippocampus, hippocampus is a cortex ( old cortex, parahypocampus gyrus coiled to make hippocampus. It kind of looks like the tail of the sea horse: amygdala is a subcortical structure. We used to think that the entire phg was for processing smell: thinencephalon-> nose brain, used to think it is all for olfactory, until patient h. m in 1950s.
