PSYC 333 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Meta-Analysis, Pre-Medical, Observational Error
7 May 2018
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Lecture!12:!
Goals!I!(Feb.!15)!
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Plan:!!
I.#Back#to#lecture#10:#CAPS#
A.!Review-CAPS!(Mischel,!Shoda!and!Wright,!1994)!
B.!Cognitive!affective!mediating!units!
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II.#Goals##
A.!Introduction!
B.!Some!definitions!
C.!Predicting!motivation!
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III.#Goals#dimension#
A.!Importance-commitment!(relating!to!value)!!
B.!Difficulty!level!(expectancy)!
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IV.#Specificity#
A.!Definition!
B.!Implementation!intentions!(Gollwitzer)!!
C.!Study!:!“Getting!things!done!over!Christmas!Break”!(Gollwitzer!and!Brandstatter)!
D.! Study! :! “Writing! an! assigned! report! over! Christmas! holidays”! (Gollwitzer! and!
Brandstatter)!
E.!Conclusion:!Implementation!intentions!
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V.#(Un)consciousness#
A.!The!consciousness!of!goals!
B.!Auto-motive!model!(Bargh,!1990)!
C.!Back!to!the!Interruption!study!(Bargh,!Chen!and!Burrows,!1996)!
D.!Pursuit!of!interpersonal!goals!(Fitzsimons!and!Bargh,!2003)!
E.!Examples!of!relationship!types!and!interpersonal!goal!regularities!
F.!Study!2:!“Thinking!of!you”!(Fitzsimons!and!Bargh,!2003)!!
G.!Study!3:!Does!goal!strength!moderate!the!effect?!
H.!“My!advisor!and!the!pope!are!watching!me!from!the!back!of!my!mind”!(Baldwin!et!al,!
1990)!
I.!The!wise!unconscious!(Bargh)!
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I.!Back!to!lecture!10:!CAPS!
A.!Review-CAPS!(Mischel,!Shoda!and!Wright,!1994)!
Personality#can#be#understood#as#an#if/then#contingencies.!Situations!(Ifs)!reliably!
trigger!behavioural!responses!(Thens)!
Cognitive# and# affective# units# mediate# the# situation-to-behavior# response.! By#
understanding#these#units#we#can#understand#people#true#personality.##
We!need!to!understand!the!“psychological!meaning”!of!the!situation!for!the!individual!in!
order!to!predict!the!individual’s!behaviour.!!
Variability!in!behaviour!across!situations!is!not!a!random!error!but!rather!variability!is!a!
important!information!that!gives!us!clues!about!underlying!“personality!system”.!!
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B.!Cognitive!affective!mediating!units!can!be:!
-encodings!or!construal!!
-expectancies!and!beliefs!
-affects!
-goals! and! values! (desirable! and! undesirable! outcomes! and! affective! states;! goals,!
values,!life!projects)!
-competencies!and!self-regulatory!plans!!
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II.!Goals!!
A.!Introduction!
When! we! think! about! goals! we# think# about# very# unattainable# goals!but! here! is!
another!point!of!view!on!goals:!!
tps://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_wolpert_the_real_reason_for_brains! (we! saw! the! first!
minutes!of!it!in!class)!
According!to!him!the!only!way!to!impact!our!environment!is!to!move!and!act.!Cognition!
and!perception!are!in!service!of!action.!Movement# is# fundamental# to# self-definition#
and#behaviour.!!
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B.!Some!definitions!
We!can!define!goals#as:!
-the!object#of#a#person’s#ambition#or#effort!
-an!aim#or#desired#result!
-the!end#toward#which#an#effort#is#directed;#aim!
Goals!are!internal!representations!of!desired!states.!!
They!can!span!from!momentary#to#life-long#goals,!life!pursuits.!!
Example:!!!
-get!coffee!to!stay!awake,!or!just!stay!awake!=>!momentary!goal!
-be!an!Olympic-level!ice!skater!=>!life-long!goal!!
They!cannot!really!be!understood!in!isolation!of!other!goals.!!
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C.!Predicting!motivation!
The!first!theories!were!based!on:!!
1.!the#strength#of#the#need!
How!strong!is!the!goal?!!
Example:!Goal!of!eating!something.!=>!How!hungry!am!I?!
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2.!the#incentive#value#of#goal#object.#!
Example:! Goal! of! eating! something! =>! How! incentive! is! the! value! of! the! goal! object?!
(celery!stick!vs.!sushi)!
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One!of!the!theories!that!changed!this!vision!is!the!expectancy-value#theories:!
-Probability#that#a#task#will#be#successfully#executed#
-Probability#that#executing/#completing#task#will#satisfy#need#
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III.!Goal!dimensions!
1.!Importance-commitment!(relating!to!value)!!
2.!Difficulty!
3.!Specificity!(IV)!!
4.!Consciousness!(conscious!or!unconscious)!!(V)!
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A.!Importance-commitment!(relating!to!value)!!
In!term!of!importance-commitment!(the!value!of!the!goal):!!
-centrality#of!the!goal!to!ones!self!!
-number#of#higher# order# goals# served!(some!goals!are!more!important!because!they!
served!other!important!goals)!
Example:! I! want! to! go! to! the! medicine! faculty.! My! goal! “having! a! good! GPA”! is! very!
important,!because!it!served!an!higher!goal.!!
-energy# mobilization! (the! more! motivated! were! are,! the! more! energy! we! want! to!
invest!on!this!goal)!
-how#long#an#individual#is#willing#to#strive#for#a#goal!
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Is!a!function!of!how#many#means#the#person#have#identified#to#pursue#a#goal.##
The#more#means#we#have,#the#less#likely#we#are#to#commit#to#one#particular#mean.##
Example:!losing!weight!vs!going!to!medical!school!
-Losing!weight:!!
Document Summary
Plan: back to lecture 10: caps, review-caps (mischel, shoda and wright, 1994, cognitive affective mediating units. Goals dimension: importance-commitment (relating to value, difficulty level (expectancy) Specificity: definition, implementation intentions (gollwitzer, study : getting things done over christmas break (gollwitzer and brandstatter, study : writing an assigned report over christmas holidays (gollwitzer and. 1: back to lecture 10: caps, review-caps (mischel, shoda and wright, 1994) Personality can be understood as an if/then contingencies. Cognitive and affective units mediate the situation-to-behavior response. By understanding these units we can understand people true personality. We need to understand the psychological meaning of the situation for the individual in order to predict the individual"s behaviour. Variability in behaviour across situations is not a random error but rather variability is a important information that gives us clues about underlying personality system : cognitive affective mediating units can be: Goals and values (desirable and undesirable outcomes and affective states; goals, values, life projects)
