PSYC 337 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Cognitive Restructuring, Stimulant, Dyskinesia
7 May 2018
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Lectures 20 & 21: Psychotherapy and Psychopharmacology
●Numerous theoretical orientations
○Psychotherapy is
■A process in which a professionally-trained therapist
■Systematically uses techniques derived from psychological principles
■To relieve another person’s psychological distress
○Major schools
■Psychodynamic
■CBT
■Humanist/experiential
■Integrative/eclectic → meaning drawing from multiple different schools of
thought
○We hope that most people in grad school are learning evidence-based treatment
■In most of Canada, anyone can call themselves a psychotherapist → doesn’t
mean they’re providing you with evidence-based therapies
■Evidence-based treatment
●Must meet the standard of “efficacy” (like a drug that is successful in
treating an illness/symptoms)
●Randomized control trials (RCTs) are used
○Placebo method for therapeutic treatment might be a wait-list
control → do people just get better on their own?
○Issues with RCTs
■Waitlist control may not be ethical for the acutely ill
(e.g. actively suicidal people); therefore, assessing
effectiveness for acute mental illness is difficult
■Unlike a pill, you can’t ensure that every therapist is
providing all patients with the same “dose” of therapy
■Patients in these studies are usually fairly uncomplicated
cases (e.g. have a single diagnosis)
■Highly controlled treatments → they are very rigid and
by-the-book, meaning RCT therapy and naturalistic
therapy differ
●Effectiveness → not just internal validity within the study, but also that it
is effective outside of the bounds of the study
■Empirically supported therapies are the gold standard
●APA and CPA require training programs to train in evidence-based
practices
●Criteria for designation as an empirically supported therapy
○
●Cognitive behavioural therapies
○Three waves of behaviour therapy
■First wave → classic behaviour therapies
●Looked at classical and operant conditioning, as well as systematic
desensitization
●Very behaviourist perspective, where thoughts are a black box and there
is a focus on behaviours
■Second wave → incorporation of cognitions
●This was the beginning of CBT; belief that our thoughts can influence
our behaviours
●Most of what we’re taught about CBT comes from second wave
■Third wave → new ideas and approaches
●Some say this is just a renaming of second wave CBT
●Acceptance and commitment therapy
●Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
●Dialectical behaviour therapy
○The cognitive triad/triangle, a basic tenet of CBT
■
●We want patients to learn that “thoughts are not facts”
○Cognitive distortions
■All-or-nothing thinking → getting a C on a test = I’ll never get into grad school
■Overgeneralizations → one mistake = I’m such a fuck-up
■Magnification/catastrophizing → you forgot to call someone back = THIS IS
TERRIBLE!
■Jumping to conclusions → your bf doesn’t call you back right away = he’s mad
at me
●Includes mind-reading (what other people are thinking) and fortune
telling (predicting the future)
■*Dr. Holland’s example
●There was a man who wanted to be a poet, but did not experience
success; at the point Dr. Holland saw him, he was working as a carpenter
●The man could not be persuaded that his depression had anything to do
with his thinking; to him, his life was objectively horrible
Document Summary
A process in which a professionally-trained therapist. Systematically uses techniques derived from psychological principles. Integrative/eclectic meaning drawing from multiple different schools of thought. We hope that most people in grad school are learning evidence-based treatment. In most of canada, anyone can call themselves a psychotherapist doesn"t mean they"re providing you with evidence-based therapies. Must meet the standard of efficacy (like a drug that is successful in treating an illness/symptoms) Waitlist control may not be ethical for the acutely ill (e. g. actively suicidal people); therefore, assessing effectiveness for acute mental illness is difficult. Unlike a pill, you can"t ensure that every therapist is providing all patients with the same dose of therapy. Patients in these studies are usually fairly uncomplicated cases (e. g. have a single diagnosis) Highly controlled treatments they are very rigid and by-the-book, meaning rct therapy and naturalistic therapy differ.
