ARKY 327 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Nonvenereal Endemic Syphilis, Chloroplast, Tooth Wear
19 Jun 2018
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01/16/2018
Compact bone at shafts/external parts of bone
Cancellous bone found beneath tuberosities and internal part
Bone functions:
- chemical storage-calcium and phosphorus
-protection,
-facilitation of locomotion,
-blood cell production
Yellow marrow produces platelets
Ossification- cartilage slowly turns to bone
Secondary ossification- epiphyses fuse as you age
Bone growth is genetic and environmental
Taphonomy- natural and cultural transformations in bone
Pre-burial phase- trauma, exposure/weathering, animal scavenging, removal of elements
Burial phase- processing, burial, secondary burial
Post burial phase- rates of decompositions, is affected by burial environment, such as soil pH,
temperature fluctuations.
Bones have nutrients, which attracts root growth
Excavation techniques- first step-inventory and cleaning. MNI, NISP,
Things you can learn from bones: age/sex, disease, trauma, activity patterns, diet, migration,
isotopes
Age: best way to age someone is tooth development. Tooth development follows a very specific
genetic sequence (especially in juveniles). Tooth eruption+tooth wear. Depends on diet
Sex: adults- you need a fairly well preserved skeleton the greatest indicator is the pelvis. Wide
pubic arch=female. Skull: nuchal crest, mastoid process, (females are more gracile) supraorbital
margin, mental eminence
After menopause females start to produce more testosterone and less estrogen, as women age
the skeleton becomes more masculine.
Disease- you have to use differential diagnosis, Diseases that show viz skeletal remains:
syphylis, leprosy, TB, diseases cause by bacteria/viruses/protozoa and fungi, plague, smallpox.
Treponmatosis- caused by bacteria: syphilis(adult+congenital), Yaws, Bejel
Sabre shin- abnormal bone growth, medullary cavity becomes filled in with abnormal bone
growth
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
Cancellous bone found beneath tuberosities and internal part. Pre-burial phase- trauma, exposure/weathering, animal scavenging, removal of elements. Post burial phase- rates of decompositions, is affected by burial environment, such as soil ph, temperature fluctuations. Things you can learn from bones: age/sex, disease, trauma, activity patterns, diet, migration, isotopes. Age: best way to age someone is tooth development. Tooth development follows a very specific genetic sequence (especially in juveniles). Sex: adults- you need a fairly well preserved skeleton the greatest indicator is the pelvis. Skull: nuchal crest, mastoid process, (females are more gracile) supraorbital margin, mental eminence. After menopause females start to produce more testosterone and less estrogen, as women age the skeleton becomes more masculine. Disease- you have to use differential diagnosis, diseases that show viz skeletal remains: syphylis, leprosy, tb, diseases cause by bacteria/viruses/protozoa and fungi, plague, smallpox. Sabre shin- abnormal bone growth, medullary cavity becomes filled in with abnormal bone growth.
