CMMB 403 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Dolly (Sheep), Keratinocyte, Irreversible Process

82 views3 pages

rosefrog223

16 Sep 2018

School

University of Calgary

Department

Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology

Course

CMMB 403

Professor

John Cobb

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Different genes are expressed in different cell types (differential gene expression), generates all the different kinds of cells of the embryo (and the adult organism) Early theories of differentiation proposed that no all (cid:1688)determinant on the chromosomes(cid:1689) were passed onto daughter cells. In this theory, only germ cells would have all determinants, whereas differentiated cells would maintain specific determinants. We now know this paradox is explained by the phenomenon of differential gene expression, in which only some genes are expressed in each cell. The formal demonstration of genomic equivalence by cloning helped lead to the model of different gene expression as an explanation for cell specialization. Cell differentiation depends on changes in the expression, not content of the genome, because the genome is the same in each cell of an organism. It is now known that irreversibility of determination and differentiation is only true for (cid:1688)normal(cid:1689) development.

Related Questions

Hello can you help me with the following questions:

1. Which part of an udder was transferred to an empty oocyte to clone the sheep Dolly?

a. blastocyst (I think its this one)

b. meiotic spindle

c. intact udder cell

d. nucleus

2. What is the principle of nuclear equivalence?

a. Differentiated cells have lost DNA that codes for other cell types.

b. All nuclei are the same shape.

c. Only nuclei of germ cells contain DNA capable of producing an entire organism.

d. The genome of every somatic cell contains information capable of generating any other cell type in the body.

3. A gene contains 6 exons, numbered 1-6. Which of the following mRNA isoforms is not a possible transcriptional product of this gene?

a. 1-2-3-4-5-6

b. 2-5-3-4

c. 2-4-5-6

d. 5-6

4. Which of the following is a mechanism used to alter gene expression using mRNA transcripts?

a. Different stability (longevity) of mRNA transcripts

b. Inhibition of translation of certain mRNAs

c. Production of small RNA molecules (microRNAs) that block translation

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

5. You have recently started working in an embryology lab and have obtained a large number of unfertilized zebrafish oocytes. You decide to treat the oocytes with RNAse (a protein that will degrade RNAs, but leave DNA proteins intact) prior to fertilizing them. Will the resulting embryos develop into normal fish?

a. Yes, because RNAs from sperm cells can replace those lost from the egg.

b. Yes, because intact DNA is the only factor required for development to proceed.

c. No, because RNAse treatment will damage the structure of the oocyte.

d. No, because maternal mRNAs are required for the early stages of development.

QuestionGroup: #21 Gene expression 2

Assigned as

Homework

The direct end result of gene expression is which of the following?

Amino acids

Translation

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #22 Mutation

Assigned as

Homework

Which of the following is the ways in which nucleotide mutations lead to altered proteins?

One nucleotide is substituted by another nucleotide, which can cause an early stop codon to be incorporated into the amino acid sequence resulting in a truncated protein.

One nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide, which can change an amino acid in the protein sequence

Nucleotides are inserted into a nucleotide sequence causing a frameshift in the sequence.

All three choices may cause mutations.

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #23 Mutation 2

Assigned as

Homework

Mutations are the result of which of the following?

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different carbohydrates

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different proteins

Change in the order of transfer RNA to messenger RNA so that the transfer RNA take over the role of Messenger RNA

Primarily an alteration in the sequence of nucleotides in the abnormal proteins

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #24 Cell division

Assigned as

Homework

There are two major kinds of cell division. Which of the following plays a major role in promoting genetic diversity?

Meiosis since it causes the cells to make more daughter cells than mitosis

Mitosis since it causes the cells to duplicate and eventually have mutations

Meiosis since it causes the DNA sequences to be separated into new patterns in the daughter cells.

Mitosis since it essential for the ovaries in humans to separate and duplicate

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #25 Cancer

Assigned as

Homework

Genes that slow down or stop the cell cycle are called...

Apoptotic genes

Oncogenes

Restriction genes

Tumor suppressor genes

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #26 Cancer2

Assigned as

Homework

The common theme in the development of all cancers is...

Mutation

Evolution

Infection

Syncopation

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #27 Genetics

Assigned as

Homework

Punnett's square is which of the following?

Example of all possible combinations of alleles

Example of all possible combinations of chromosomes

Example of only certain combination of alleles since some will not be expressed.

Example of all possible combinations of DNA

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #28 Embryo development

Assigned as

Homework

Which of the following is the end of the cleavage phase?

A fetus

Formation of a blastocyst

Implantation to the lining of the uterus

Fewer number of cells

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #29 Development of organ system

Assigned as

Homework

For organs to be differentiated, which of the following is the first step?

Stem cells trigger the development of differentiated cells

Tissues assemble into organ systems such as blood

Tissue specific genes in stem cells are triggered

Differentiated cells form tissues

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #30 Development and society

Assigned as

Homework

A pregnant mother ingests a chemical which her mother said would be great for the baby. When the baby was born, it had a large head and flippers for arms. What caused this phenotype?

The chemicals were teratogens which influenced oxidative phosphorylation causing the changes in the phenotype.

The chemicals influenced the expression of different stem cells.

There is no way to assume the chemicals caused the phenotype since we have no data on other mothers who took this medicine. It could have been purely by chance.

The chemicals were teratogens which caused the baby to show early signs of evolution.

___1. Nationally, the most common cause of Down Syndrome is
a. nondisjunction of Chromosome 21 during meiosis
b. translocation of Chromosome 21 onto another chromosome
c. inversion of a large section of Chromosome 21
d. deletion of the Down Syndrome gene
___2. In humans, sex is determined by
a. The presence or absence of the Y chromosome
b. The ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes
c. The temperature during fetal development
d. Which parent is stronger at the time of conception
___3. A translocation is
a. a chromosomal abnormality in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
b. an abnormality in which the chromosomes are translocated out of the nucleus
c. a condition in which the chromosome has broken in two places and come back together with the middle segment backward
d. an abnormality in which there is an extra copy of one chromosome
___ 4. In snapdragons, a red-flowered plant crossed with a white-flowered plant produces all pink-flowered offspring. But crossing two pink-flowered plants produces red, pink, and white in a 1:2:1 ratio. This is a good example of
a. Incomplete dominance
b. Dominance of the red allele over the white allele
c. Lethal effects of the pink allele
d. Sex-linkage of the flower-color alleles
___ 5. If a person with type AB blood marries a person with Type O blood, what blood types are possible in their children? (Assume this trait is a single-gene trait, not complicated by interaction with other genes).
a. A, B, AB, or O
b. A or B only
c. AB or O only
d. AB only 2
___6. In what phase of meiosis are haploid nuclei first formed? a. Anaphase I b. Metaphase II c. Telophase II d. Metaphase I e. Telophase I
___7. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous tall pea plant? a. tall b. Tt c. TT d. tt e. dominant
___ 8. If genes A and B are far apart on a chromosome, and A and C are close together, which of the following observations is expected?
a. Crossing over will occur more often between A and C than between A and B
b. Crossing over will occur at equal frequencies between A and C, and between A and B
c. Crossing over will occur more often between A and B than between A and C
___9. Sometimes an organismâs genotype for one gene masks the effect of a different gene. This phenomenon is called
a. Dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Co-dominance
d. Epistasis
e. Variable expressivity
___10. The dominant allele of a gene is
a. The one that is expressed most often in a population
b. The one that is expressed most often in any particular cross
c. The one that is expressed in an individual that has two different alleles
d. The one that is most healthy to have, that gives the greatest fitness
___11. In human cells, DNA replication occurs
a. In S phase of interphase
b. In G1 phase of interphase
c. In G2 phase of interphase
d. In prophase of mitosis
e. Whenever the cell needs to read the DNA to make proteins
___ 12. A process in which recipient cells take up genes from DNA molecules floating free in the surrounding medium is called
a. conjugation
b. specialized transduction
c. generalized transduction
d. transformation 3
___ 13. Most calico cats are female. However, a few rare males are observed. What is the genotype of a male calico cat?
a. X BX 0
b. X OY
c. X BY
d. X BYY
e. X BX OY
___ 14. A type of red-green color-blindness is a sex-linked (X-linked) recessive trait in humans. Can a woman have this type of color-blindness?
a. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her mother and father were both heterozygous.
b. Yes, a woman could be color-blind but only if she has an abnormal number of sex chromosomes.
c. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they lack a Y chromosome.
d. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they have two X chromosomes.
e. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her father was color-blind and her mother was a carrier (heterozygous).

CMMB 403 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Dolly (Sheep), Keratinocyte, Irreversible Process

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BIOL303 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Gene Expression, Cellular Differentiation, Mammary Gland

BIOL303 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Histone H3, Histone H1, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

BIOL 366 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Polytene Chromosome, Uterus, G1 Phase

Related Questions