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BIOC 2580 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Succinate Dehydrogenase, Fritz Albert Lipmann, Acetyl-Coa

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ceruleangoose218
12 Apr 2016
School
University of Guelph
Department
Biochemistry
Course
BIOC 2580
Professor
Enoka Wijekoon

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Document Summary

H. a. krebs and w. a. johnson, article in. We have discussed about beta oxidation and glycolysis. These are but the first stages of fatty acid and glucose catabolism respectively. Some organisms and certain cells obtain energy exclusively through the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to lactate or ethanol. However, most eukaryotic cells obtain their energy through the complete oxidation of organic fuels into co2 and. This aerobic phase of catabolism is known as respiration. The citric acid cycle constitutes the second stage of cellular respiration. The citric acid cycle also supplies or consumes many important intermediates derived from, or converted into, amino acids, nucleotides, and other key materials. The great hungarian biochemist albert szent-gy rgyi (who won the nobel. Prize in 1937 for the discovery of vitamin c) was one of the pioneers whose studies led to the concept of the citric acid cycle.

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Related Questions

1) The complete catabolism of glucose results in the generation of ___________ ATP.

1.

29
2.

100
3.

20
4.

50

2) The presence of _____________________ is a determinant factor on whether pyruvate continues its metabolism into the Krebs cycle.

3) As humans we breath in air that contains oxygen and breath out carbon dioxide . The oxygen we consume it is used in the metabolism of glucose in the ________________________.

1.

electron transport chain as an acceptor of electrons
2.

anaerobic respiration
3.

citric acid cycle

4.conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

4) A glucose molecule can generate energy, but only if sufficient amount of energy is invested to initiate the chemical reactions that are involved in the catabolism of the glucose molecule.

True

False

5) The ___________________ of glycogen from individual/separate molecults of glucose is an ___________________ reaction.

1.

breakdown, endergonic
2.

breakdown, exergonic
3.

synthesis, endergonic
4.

synthesis, exergonic

1. Which of the following is common to both aerobic and anaerobicmicrobes?
Fermentation
An electron transport chain
Pyruvate oxidation
Glycolysis
All of the above
2. The primary purpose of catabolism is
generation of ADP.
generation of ATP.

oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
degradation of organic molecules.
biosynthesis.
3. What is a fate of pyruvate during alcoholic fermentation byyeast?
It is reduced to lactic acid.
It is oxidized to form glucose and carbon dioxide
It is cleaved to form acetylaldehyde and carbon dioxide.
It is catabolized in glycolysis.
It is oxidized to form lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
4. Electrons needed to reduce an oxidized electron acceptor areprovided by
a) externally provided compounds such asH<sub>2</sub>, lactate or formate.
b) an intermediate electron carrier such as NADH.
c) 0<sub>2</sub>.
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
5. How are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respirationsimilar?
Both use oxygen as a terminal electron carrier.
These are other names for glycolysis.
Both utilize inorganic molecules as terminal electronacceptors.
Neither receives electrons from glycolysis.
Anaerobic respiration does not exist in microbes.
6. The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) topyruvate
a) releases CO<sub>2</sub>.
b) involves the conversion of ADP and ATP.
c) involves substrate-level phosphorylation.
d) Both a and b
e) Both b and c
7. Which of the following is the best definition offermentation?
The reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid

The complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 andH2O
The oxidation of a carbohydrate with organic molecules servingas electron donors and acceptors
The production of ATP from glucose
The production of ethanol from glucose
8. A reaction that yields energy has a
positive ?Go?.
negative ?Go?.
positive ?Eo?.
negative ?Eo?.
negative ?Ho?.
9. Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupledbecause
a) electrons generally accompany protons.
b) protons generally accompany protons.
c) electrons cannot exist free in solution.
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
10. Which of the following is true of aerobic respiration?
It involves the reduction of oxygen.
It involves the oxidation of oxygen.
It involves the reduction of lactic acid.
It involves the oxidation of lactic acid.
It does not generate ATP.

1. C6H12O6 + 6O2 Ã 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose is being _____ to _____ and oxygen is being _____ to _____. a. oxidized; carbon dioxide; reduced; water b. oxidized; water; reduced; carbon dioxide Incorrect c. reduced; water; oxidized; carbon dioxide d. reduced; carbon dioxide; oxidized; water

2. Which of the following stages in the breakdown of the piece of toast you had for breakfast generates the most ATP? a. the citric acid cycle Incorrect b. glycolysis c. the digestion of starch to glucose d. oxidative phosphorylation

3. Which of the following is a catabolic pathway? a. gluconeogenesis b. production of starch Incorrect c. glycolysis d. production of glycogen

4. Per molecule, the oxidation of a fatty acid results in _____ energy storage than the oxidation of glucose. a. the same b. less Incorrect c. more d. None of the above; fatty acids cannot be oxidized.

5. Of the eight reactions in the citric acid cycle, how many are oxidation-reduction reactions? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

6. The process of glycolysis transfers the energy in sugar molecules into the stored energy of activated carriers such as ATP and NADH. Which statement is true about glycolysis? a. Only eukaryotic organisms do glycolysis. b. The ten reactions of glycolysis are identical in all eukaryotic cells, but are different in prokaryotic cells due to their diverse metabolic strategies. Incorrect c. The ten reactions of glycolysis are identical in almost all living organisms on the planet. d. There are many ways to oxidize glucose and transfer energy into activated carriers; the diversity of organisms on the planet is reflected in the diversity of their mechanisms of glycolysis.

7. Referring to the sentence completed in #13 above, the purpose of the latter reaction (in active muscle cells) is to _____. a. accumulate lactic acid in the cell, which provides additional energy for the production of ATP Incorrect b. slow down glycolysis until oxygen becomes available again c. accelerate the Krebs cycle, which will restore the oxygen supply d. regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen

8. What are the products of the citric acid cycle? a. carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2 and GTP b. carbon dioxide, NAD+, FAD and GTP c. NADH, FADH2, and acetyl CoA Incorrect d. carbon dioxide and water

9. Which statement is true about enzymes? a. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions because they make inherently endergonic reactions exergonic. b. Each enzyme in a cell can catalyze many different chemical reactions involving chemically different substrates. Incorrect c. Enzymes can only catalyze reactions in one direction. d. After catalyzing a reaction, an enzyme is permanently altered and can no longer bind substrate. e. None of the above is true. 1

10. ∆G measures the change in free energy in a system as it converts reactant (Y) into product (X). When [X] = [Y], ∆G is equal to _____. a. RT b. ΔG° + RT c. ΔG° d. ln [X]/[Y]

11. The ∆G° for the hydrolysis of ATP is -7.3 kcal/mol. What conditions in the cell would lead to a ∆G for ATP hydrolysis of -11 kcal/mol? a. An increase in the ATP/ADP ratio b. An increase in anabolic activity in the cell c. Transport of ATP out of the compartment where the reaction is occurring Incorrect d. A decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio

12. In the first reaction of glycolysis, a phosphate transferred from ATP to a glucose molecule to produce glucose-6-phosphate and ADP. Under conditions existing in the cell, the free energy change for this reaction is -8.0 kcal/mole. Which of the following statements is true? Recall that the ∆G° for the hydrolysis of ATP is -7.3 kcal/mol. a. Glucose concentrations in the cell are always low, making this reaction more favorable than would be expected. b. This reaction is less favorable than would be expected, given the ∆G° of ATP hydrolysis. c. Glucose-6-P concentrations in the cell are very low relative to glucose concentrations, making the reaction more favorable than would be expected. d. The ∆G° for the addition of a phosphate to glucose must be -0.7 kcal/mole.

13. Protein E can bind to two different proteins, S and I. The binding reactions are described by the following equations and values: E + S --> ES Keq for ES = 10 E + I> EI Keq for EI = 2 Given the equilibrium constant values, which one of the following statements is true? a. When S is present in excess, no I molecules will bind to E. b. E binds I more tightly than S. c. The binding energy of the ES interaction is greater than that of the EI interaction. d. Changing an amino acid on the binding surface of I from a basic amino acid to an acidic one will probably make the free energy of association with E more negative.