BIOL 1080 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Chronobiology, Biomarker, Howlong
2 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Trajectory -growth, development and aging (months-
decades)
!
Rhythms -maintenance/repair, and other processes
(hours-months)
!
Homeostasis -maintenance of steady state (seconds-
hours)
!
Energy and Information Flow -action potentials and
enzymatic reactions (nanoseconds-seconds)
!
Biological Systems are considered from the dimension of
time
How long do I have to live (lifespan)?
!
How long will I be living a healthy independent
lifestyle (healthspan)?
!
Weight/build
○
Gender
○
Exercise
○
Stress
○
Sleep
○
Education level
○
TC/HDLC
○
Blood pressure
○
Smoking
○
Age of parents/grandparents
○
Many online calculators are based on positive and
negative "risk" factors:
!
We refer to these as "biomarkers", or indicators
of the biological state of the organism
○
Dramatic changes in height
!
Growth tables are important
tools in assessing health early
in life
!
Slow growth -infectious
disease, malnutrition,
hormonal problems
!
Fast growth -hormonal
problems (excess GH,
giantism, or acromegaly)
!
In infancy and childhood:
"
Bone degeneration
!
Disk
degeneration/compression
!
Using smaller scales, there is a
small decrease in height during
adulthood
"
Compare population averages
with a large confidence
interval
!
If an individual diverges from
normal range, one can
determine the causes
!
How to assess what's normal?
"
Height
!
Up to 1% per loss every after age
40
"
Males -associated with decrease in
testosterone, IGF-1, and inactivity
"
Females -associated with inactivity
and estrogen
"
Muscle mass
!
Follow blood glucose levels
over 5 hours after drinking
standardized oral glucose
load of 75g in Trutol
!
7.8mM -impaired GT
◊
11.1mM -diabetes
◊
Diagnostic criteria at 2 hours:
!
*easy to cheat and costly
!
Considering a time perspective in
hours:
"
Glycosylated hemoglobin
should be ~5-7% of total Hb
!
Non-enzymatic
reaction with lucose
◊
Lysine and serine
residues
◊
Non-reversible
◊
Gives a longer "view"
(life of rbc)
◊
Harder to cheat due to:
!
Several methodologies
used (results not
consistent)
◊
Costly
◊
Problem:
!
Considering a time perspective in
months:
"
Blood glucose
!
Decreases in adulthood (in both
endurance trained and sedentary
men)
"
Decrease in heart rate
!
Decrease in muscle mass
!
Decrease in training
intensity/duration
!
May be due to:
"
There is a strong relationship
between aerobic capacity/fitness
and premature mortality
"
Oxygen uptake
!
These include:
○
If we can find things to measure objectively, then we
can track the aging or disease process
!
Trajectory: Healthspan vs. Lifespan
Can be many types
!
Reflect normal function or disease process, or
predict the risk of future development of disease
○
Have a predictable range across and identifiable
category of individuals or must be routinely
monitored over time within each individual
○
Have methods available for accurate and precise
measurement
○
Needs to:
!
Most markers have normal ranges and diagnostic
value if they are too high or too low
!
Must be interpreted in relationship to the age,
sex, and physiological state of the individual
○
Can change during the lifespan
!
Biomarker Requirements:
Networks within organs are perturbed during disease
states
1.
Panels of blood markers (proteins, RNA, metabolites)
provide assessment of perturbed networks and the
organs
2.
Will there be a new era in biomarkers?
*changes in microRNAs are much more sensitive indicators
of acute liver injury than the traditionally used enzyme,
alanine aminotransferase
This is probably not
too accurate
!
**genetics, lifestyle,
environment
!
most are lifestyle related
Biomarkers in the Healthspan:
The Dimension of Time
Chronobiology
#$%&'()*+, -./0.12.&, 34+,3546
4753,89
Trajectory -growth, development and aging (months-
decades)
!
Rhythms -maintenance/repair, and other processes
(hours-months)
!
Homeostasis -maintenance of steady state (seconds-
hours)
!
Energy and Information Flow -action potentials and
enzymatic reactions (nanoseconds-seconds)
!
Biological Systems are considered from the dimension of
time
How long do I have to live (lifespan)?
!
How long will I be living a healthy independent
lifestyle (healthspan)?
!
Weight/build
○
Gender
○
Exercise
○
Stress
○
Sleep
○
Education level
○
TC/HDLC
○
Blood pressure
○
Smoking
○
Age of parents/grandparents
○
Many online calculators are based on positive and
negative "risk" factors:
!
We refer to these as "biomarkers", or indicators
of the biological state of the organism
○
Dramatic changes in height
!
Growth tables are important
tools in assessing health early
in life
!
Slow growth -infectious
disease, malnutrition,
hormonal problems
!
Fast growth -hormonal
problems (excess GH,
giantism, or acromegaly)
!
In infancy and childhood:
"
Bone degeneration
!
Disk
degeneration/compression
!
Using smaller scales, there is a
small decrease in height during
adulthood
"
Compare population averages
with a large confidence
interval
!
If an individual diverges from
normal range, one can
determine the causes
!
How to assess what's normal?
"
Height
!
Up to 1% per loss every after age
40
"
Males -associated with decrease in
testosterone, IGF-1, and inactivity
"
Females -associated with inactivity
and estrogen
"
Muscle mass
!
Follow blood glucose levels
over 5 hours after drinking
standardized oral glucose
load of 75g in Trutol
!
7.8mM -impaired GT
◊
11.1mM -diabetes
◊
Diagnostic criteria at 2 hours:
!
*easy to cheat and costly
!
Considering a time perspective in
hours:
"
Glycosylated hemoglobin
should be ~5-7% of total Hb
!
Non-enzymatic
reaction with lucose
◊
Lysine and serine
residues
◊
Non-reversible
◊
Gives a longer "view"
(life of rbc)
◊
Harder to cheat due to:
!
Several methodologies
used (results not
consistent)
◊
Costly
◊
Problem:
!
Considering a time perspective in
months:
"
Blood glucose
!
Decreases in adulthood (in both
endurance trained and sedentary
men)
"
Decrease in heart rate
!
Decrease in muscle mass
!
Decrease in training
intensity/duration
!
May be due to:
"
There is a strong relationship
between aerobic capacity/fitness
and premature mortality
"
Oxygen uptake
!
These include:
○
If we can find things to measure objectively, then we
can track the aging or disease process
!
Trajectory: Healthspan vs. Lifespan
Can be many types
!
Reflect normal function or disease process, or
predict the risk of future development of disease
○
Have a predictable range across and identifiable
category of individuals or must be routinely
monitored over time within each individual
○
Have methods available for accurate and precise
measurement
○
Needs to:
!
Most markers have normal ranges and diagnostic
value if they are too high or too low
!
Must be interpreted in relationship to the age,
sex, and physiological state of the individual
○
Can change during the lifespan
!
Biomarker Requirements:
Networks within organs are perturbed during disease
states
1.
Panels of blood markers (proteins, RNA, metabolites)
provide assessment of perturbed networks and the
organs
2.
Will there be a new era in biomarkers?
*changes in microRNAs are much more sensitive indicators
of acute liver injury than the traditionally used enzyme,
alanine aminotransferase
This is probably not
too accurate
!
**genetics, lifestyle,
environment
!
most are lifestyle related
Biomarkers in the Healthspan:
The Dimension of Time
Chronobiology
#$%&'()*+, -./0.12.&, 34+,3546 4753,89
Document Summary
Biological systems are considered from the dimension of time. Trajectory - growth, development and aging (months- decades) Homeostasis - maintenance of steady state (seconds- hours) Energy and information flow - action potentials and enzymatic reactions (nanoseconds-seconds) Many online calculators are based on positive and negative risk factors: most are lifestyle related. If we can find things to measure objectively, then we can track the aging or disease process. We refer to these as biomarkers, or indicators of the biological state of the organism. Growth tables are important tools in assessing health early in life. Fast growth - hormonal problems (excess gh, giantism, or acromegaly) Using smaller scales, there is a small decrease in height during adulthood. Compare population averages with a large confidence interval. If an individual diverges from normal range, one can determine the causes. Up to 1% per loss every after age. Males - associated with decrease in testosterone, igf-1, and inactivity.
