1)What are the inputs of photosynthesis?
2)What are the outputs of photosynthesis?
3)Light-Dependent Reactions
Where does the first stage of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions, occur within a chloroplast?
Where does the energy come from that drives these reactions?
What molecule donates an electron to the reaction center of photosystem II?
How is the energy of an electron changed as it moves along the ETC?
How does the electrical charge of the thylakoid membrane affect protons (H+) within the chloroplast?
Where does the electron that is donated to photosystem I come from?
What are the final products of this series of reactions?
What happens to each of the final products from this series of reactions?
4)Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
a.Where does the second stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin Cycle, occur within a chloroplast?
b.What are the direct inputs for these reactions?
c.What are the three steps to the Calvin cycle?
d.What are the final products of this reaction?
e.What role does rubisco play in the Calvin Cycle?
1)What experiment was performed that allowed for scientists to finally agree that DNA is the genetic material within living organisms?
a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.
2)What group of experiments led to the discovery of the mechanism used in DNA replication?
a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.
i.What is a cesium chloride gradient?
ii.Where do 14N and 15N respectively fall along this gradient?
b.The results revealed that DNA replicates using which of the three proposed models?
i. Describe the mechanism of each model.
3)What is the role of the following proteins in DNA replication?
a.Helicase
b.Single strand binding proteins
c.Topoisomerase
d.DNA polymerase III
e.DNA polymerase I
f.Primase
g.Ligase
4)What extra steps are taken to be sure the lagging strand does not shorten each time DNA is replicated?
a.What is the role of telomerase in these Γ’ΒΒstepsΓ’ΒΒ?
5)In DNA repair, which enzyme has Γ’ΒΒproof-readingΓ’ΒΒ capabilities?
1)Which type of cells within our bodies use mitosis to reproduce?
2)Does mitosis create a cell that is different or the same as the parent cell undergoing division?
3)Describe the DNA found in sister chromatids.
4)Describe the DNA found in homologous chromosomes.
5)What occurs during the following stages of the cell cycle?
a.G1 Phase
b.S Phase
c.G2 Phase
d.M Phase
What are the phases of mitosis? What events occur in each phase?
1)Does mitosis separate homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or both?
2)What is cytokinesis?
a.Which fibers of the cytoskeleton contract to pinch parent and daughter cells apart from one another in animals?
b.How do microtubules move chromosomes to the two poles of a dividing cell?
3)How are centrioles involved in this process?
a.How do plants form two complete cells during cytokinesis?
4)How do bacterial cells reproduce?
5)The cell cycle is controlled at Γ’ΒΒcheckpointsΓ’ΒΒ. What occurs at each of the following checkpoints?
a.G1 Checkpoint
b.G2 Checkpoint
c.M Checkpoint
6)How do cyclin and cdk act to control the G2 checkpoint?
7)If presented with the schematic of the M checkpoint, you should be able to explain perturbations to the system as well as if the cell will divide or stall at metaphase.
8)Cancerous cells form when the cell cycle checkpoints do not function correctly and continues to divide even though it is damaged in some way. How does the protein p53 function to keep these cells from dividing?
9)Normal cells follow certain rules of growth that cancerous cells do not follow. What are these rules (provide a short definition for each as well)?
10)What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?
