ZOO 4910 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Flying Fish, Wind Speed, Elastin
2 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Bone fusion
○
Bone elimination
○
Bone pneumatization -incorporate
hollow bones in respiratory structure
--> buoyancy and structural integrity
○
Ex. Shrinking of testes
!
Seasonal recrudescence of organs (allows
them to become lightweight to afford
costly migrations)
○
Strength and Lightweight
1)
Keel and sternum
○
Wing musculature
○
Feathers
○
Morphological modifications to body
2)
Thick and heavy legs to support body
and shift centre of gravity
○
Ex. Loons are fairly heavy
and need to 'run' through the
water in order to take flight;
wings are thick and hefty
□
Ex. Heron wing is broad but
not as heavy (adaptations to
lifestyle)
□
High vs. low wing-loading
!
Trade-offs associated with ecological
niche:
○
Morphological reallocation of body mass
3)
Key Adaptations to Enable Flight in Birds:
Aspect Ratio: Wing length/Wing width
•
Gliding/soaring
!
High aspect ratio (long and pointed
wings w medium loading)
!
Pointed wing tips
!
Albatross:
○
High speed flight
!
Pointed long wings
!
Falcon:
○
Gliding
!
Low aspect ratio: short and broad
wings
!
Low loading: large wings, light
body
!
Slotted wings
!
Eagle:
○
Agile flight
!
Low aspect and low loading
!
Crow:
○
Wing Loading: Body Mass/Wing Area
•
Factors to identify diversity:
Birds have to overcome gravity and drag to fly
•
Proximal (X): lift creation (less relative
movement)
•
Distal (Y): thrust creation (more relative
movement)
•
Dynamics of Flight:
Pressure differential with relatively high
pressure below the wing (by flapping)
○
Heavier birds have a larger camber for
lift
○
Also useful for steering
○
Asymmetry (cambered wings)1)
Leading edge tilted up, flight feathers
dropped down = more lift
○
Useful for steering and navigation
○
Reduces drag
○
*tight window -if too large of an angle
vortices occur from back
○
Angle of Attack (<15 degrees)2)
Alula and coverlets (feathers on back of wing)
are used to control vortices
3)
Wing Adaptations for Flight:
*wings move downward and react by being pushed
upward = lift
Soaring with barely a wing beat
•
Can fly 10,000km in one single journey
(without landing)
•
Heart rate accelerates when walking or
swimming
○
Energy expenditure is low (relatively)
when flying
○
Low energy expenditure foraging over
resting relative to other inrds
○
Wind speed is proportional to energy
saving
○
Lifetime travel estimated at 4.8 million
km
○
Windward climb1.
Upper curve2.
Leeward descent3.
Lower curve4.
Flight phases:
!
Capitalizes on wind speed and direction
○
Study: tracking the albatross
•
Albatross:
Used GPS technology and ECG recordings
from the brain
•
Capitalize wing speed and direction
•
Spend more time awake when at sea,
little SWS and no REM
○
Sleep dynamics are different when at sea vs. on
land
•
Shut down one side of the brain at a
time -related to how they're flying and
direction of flight
○
"sleep with one eye open"
•
Great Frigate Birds:
Decreases drag
○
E.g. cardinals
○
Intermittent flight patterns: wing flap followed
by glide or by bound (flap-gliding and flap
bounding)
1.
Decrease surface area: on upstroke, wings
drawn in to reduce drag
2.
Decrease fiction: primaries split to reduce drag
(e.g. in owls)
3.
Other flight patterns for efficiency:
Articulated shoulder and wrist joints
•
Figure 8 beats create lift on upstroke and down
stroke (same in bees)
•
Part of energetic cost of flight in
hummingbirds
○
Quick wing beats create vortices that enlarge
the effective surface of the wings leading edge
•
Hummingbirds
Enormous amount of bone loss
•
Very lightweight
○
Plagiopatalgiales
○
Allows them to fly upside down
!
Individually control each wing -shape,
angle and flexibility can be manipulated
○
Elastin muscle network in wings -strength and
plasticity
•
Very energetically costly -increase in heart rate
(>1200 bpm)
•
Creates similar vortices, but flexibility
and musculature allows for compensation
and control
○
Wings create lift and combat drag
○
Aspect ratio, wing loading, and
ecological niche drive variation
○
Angle of attack:
•
Convergent Evolution: bat flight
Flying squirrels
•
Sugar gliders
•
Snakes (in some species) -flattens body to
become a 'sail'
•
Flying fish (modified fins create pressure
differentials)
•
Other convergent evolutions:
Diversity of shape
•
Wing loading and aspect ratio
•
Adaptations to the wing
•
Behavioural strategies
•
Flight across taxa
•
Summary:
Flight
Friday,*October*6,*2017
12:30*PM
Bone fusion
○
Bone elimination
○
Bone pneumatization -incorporate
hollow bones in respiratory structure
--> buoyancy and structural integrity
○
Ex. Shrinking of testes
!
Seasonal recrudescence of organs (allows
them to become lightweight to afford
costly migrations)
○
Strength and Lightweight1)
Keel and sternum
○
Wing musculature
○
Feathers
○
Morphological modifications to body2)
Thick and heavy legs to support body
and shift centre of gravity
○
Ex. Loons are fairly heavy
and need to 'run' through the
water in order to take flight;
wings are thick and hefty
□
Ex. Heron wing is broad but
not as heavy (adaptations to
lifestyle)
□
High vs. low wing-loading
!
Trade-offs associated with ecological
niche:
○
Morphological reallocation of body mass3)
Key Adaptations to Enable Flight in Birds:
Aspect Ratio: Wing length/Wing width
•
Gliding/soaring
!
High aspect ratio (long and pointed
wings w medium loading)
!
Pointed wing tips
!
Albatross:
○
High speed flight
!
Pointed long wings
!
Falcon:
○
Gliding
!
Low aspect ratio: short and broad
wings
!
Low loading: large wings, light
body
!
Slotted wings
!
Eagle:
○
Agile flight
!
Low aspect and low loading
!
Crow:
○
Wing Loading: Body Mass/Wing Area
•
Factors to identify diversity:
Birds have to overcome gravity and drag to fly
•
Proximal (X): lift creation (less relative
movement)
•
Distal (Y): thrust creation (more relative
movement)
•
Dynamics of Flight:
Pressure differential with relatively high
pressure below the wing (by flapping)
○
Heavier birds have a larger camber for
lift
○
Also useful for steering
○
Asymmetry (cambered wings)
1)
Leading edge tilted up, flight feathers
dropped down = more lift
○
Useful for steering and navigation
○
Reduces drag
○
*tight window -if too large of an angle
vortices occur from back
○
Angle of Attack (<15 degrees)
2)
Alula and coverlets (feathers on back of wing)
are used to control vortices
3)
Wing Adaptations for Flight:
*wings move downward and react by being pushed
upward = lift
Soaring with barely a wing beat
•
Can fly 10,000km in one single journey
(without landing)
•
Heart rate accelerates when walking or
swimming
○
Energy expenditure is low (relatively)
when flying
○
Low energy expenditure foraging over
resting relative to other inrds
○
Wind speed is proportional to energy
saving
○
Lifetime travel estimated at 4.8 million
km
○
Windward climb1.
Upper curve2.
Leeward descent3.
Lower curve4.
Flight phases:
!
Capitalizes on wind speed and direction
○
Study: tracking the albatross
•
Albatross:
Used GPS technology and ECG recordings
from the brain
•
Capitalize wing speed and direction
•
Spend more time awake when at sea,
little SWS and no REM
○
Sleep dynamics are different when at sea vs. on
land
•
Shut down one side of the brain at a
time -related to how they're flying and
direction of flight
○
"sleep with one eye open"
•
Great Frigate Birds:
Decreases drag
○
E.g. cardinals
○
Intermittent flight patterns: wing flap followed
by glide or by bound (flap-gliding and flap
bounding)
1.
Decrease surface area: on upstroke, wings
drawn in to reduce drag
2.
Decrease fiction: primaries split to reduce drag
(e.g. in owls)
3.
Other flight patterns for efficiency:
Articulated shoulder and wrist joints
•
Figure 8 beats create lift on upstroke and down
stroke (same in bees)
•
Part of energetic cost of flight in
hummingbirds
○
Quick wing beats create vortices that enlarge
the effective surface of the wings leading edge
•
Hummingbirds
Enormous amount of bone loss
•
Very lightweight
○
Plagiopatalgiales
○
Allows them to fly upside down
!
Individually control each wing -shape,
angle and flexibility can be manipulated
○
Elastin muscle network in wings -strength and
plasticity
•
Very energetically costly -increase in heart rate
(>1200 bpm)
•
Creates similar vortices, but flexibility
and musculature allows for compensation
and control
○
Wings create lift and combat drag
○
Aspect ratio, wing loading, and
ecological niche drive variation
○
Angle of attack:
•
Convergent Evolution: bat flight
Flying squirrels
•
Sugar gliders
•
Snakes (in some species) -flattens body to
become a 'sail'
•
Flying fish (modified fins create pressure
differentials)
•
Other convergent evolutions:
Diversity of shape
•
Wing loading and aspect ratio
•
Adaptations to the wing
•
Behavioural strategies
•
Flight across taxa
•
Summary:
Flight
Friday,*October*6,*2017 12:30*PM
Document Summary
Bone pneumatization - incorporate hollow bones in respiratory structure. Seasonal recrudescence of organs (allows them to become lightweight to afford costly migrations) Thick and heavy legs to support body and shift centre of gravity. Loons are fairly heavy and need to "run" through the water in order to take flight; wings are thick and hefty. Heron wing is broad but not as heavy (adaptations to lifestyle) High aspect ratio (long and pointed wings w medium loading) wings w medium loading) Birds have to overcome gravity and drag to fly. Pressure differential with relatively high pressure below the wing (by flapping) Heavier birds have a larger camber for lift. Leading edge tilted up, flight feathers dropped down = more lift. *tight window - if too large of an angle vortices occur from back. Alula and coverlets (feathers on back of wing) are used to control vortices. *wings move downward and react by being pushed upward = lift.
