ANBI 360.3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Chondroitin Sulfate, Rancidification, Beet Pulp
20 Jun 2018
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LECTURE 25!
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considerations for pet food manufacture!
ingredient quality!•
palatability!•
long shelf life and packaging!•
stool volume and quality!•
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feed ingredient for pet food!
animal protein sources!•
animal protein are the most "natural" ingredients!◦
pet nutritionist are more conscious of meat by product quality!◦
quality deterioration dir to microbial degration!◦
meat byproducts!•
meat meal-contains striated muscle tissues!◦
meat byproduct: also includes waste viscera, head, feed , ect.!◦
note- cholesterol and saturated fats are not an issue with pets!◦
plant protein!•
can substitute for animal proteins at a lower cost!◦
soybean meal, corn gluten meal, brewer`s yeast ( dried)!◦
taurine!•
taurine is only available in animal tissue!◦
high concentrations in heart and skeletal muscles, brain and eye!◦
taurine is heat sensitive: boiling can destroy uo to 90% of taurine!◦
cats need 400mg taurine per Kg feed!◦
carbohydrates!•
cereal grains!◦
generally low amounts used!‣
fibre!◦
wheat bran, beet pulp, fruit and vegetable residues from juice industries!‣
used for senior cat formulas to decrease energy density !‣
fat sources!•
follow, grease!◦
chicken fat is a popular ingredient !◦
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additives & special ingredients!
flavourings!•
critical for all the dry products!◦
added to most pet foods to ensure animals are attracted to food!◦
includes meat byproducts digests, yeast products for cats!◦
often run 25$/Kg for these products active area of research !◦
palatability is important issue in pet food!◦
relates to animal flavour preference , as well as kibble size and hardness!◦
consumers are concerned if out leaves food!◦
salability is measured in choice tests and "eagerness" to consume!◦
dogs have a better olfaction than cats, but are much less discriminatory ( omnivorous ◦
nature)!
growth promotanats are not used in dogs or cat food!•
anti-arthritis additives!•
glucosamine!◦
amino sugar precursor for the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans ( GAGs)!‣
available as:!‣
Glucosamine sulfate!•
glucosamine hydrochloride!•
N-acetylglucosamine!•
chondroitin sulfate!◦
major GAG found in cartilage!‣
helps inhibit destructive enzymes in the joints!‣
chondroitin production decreases with age, so supplements older dogs!‣
nutraceuticals!•
no current legislation about these!◦
take 4-8 weeks to see effects!◦
kelp powder!◦
perna= green-lipped sea mussel (GAG source)!◦
sea cumber ( inhibits prostaglandins involved in arthritic pain, rich in "good stuff")!◦
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Palatability affected by fat content!
incorporating high fat into kibble may cause manufacturing difficulties!•
up to 30% achievable!•
high fat diets prone to rancidity and staleness!•
rancid fats can be toxic!•
aggressive antioxidant desired!•
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Coat shine!
omega-3 fatty acids desirable for coat shine!•
owners veil coat quality as a sign of health!•
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Preservatives!
antioxidants and antimicrobials!•
nitrates ( antimicrobial)!◦
sodium nitrate can react and form carcinogenic nitrosamines!‣
sulphites ( both antimicrobial and antioxidants)!◦
destroy thiamine ( vitamin B1)!‣
butylated hydroxyanisole ( BHA)!◦
antioxidant for high fat!‣
butylated hydrocytoluene ( BHT)!◦
potentially carcinogenic!‣
ethoyguin!◦
very effective but associated with liver damage and acquired allergies!‣
max 75 ppm as of 1997!‣
vitamin E!◦
less able to stand processing and storage!‣
more expensive!‣
additional benefits!‣
Tocopherols!◦
vitamin C!‣
mild preservative!•
vitamin E!‣
