ARCH 112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Klasies River Caves, Les Eyzies-De-Tayac-Sireuil, Blombos Cave
27 Jun 2018
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Homo heidelbergensis
Neandertals / Denisovans modern humans
The Denisovans
Discovered at Denisova Cave, southern Russia
Also found Neandertal and modern human
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DNA from a finger bone was analysed and identified as belonging to an archaic human
group separate from Neandertals and modern humans.
About 50000 ya
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They would have had brown eyes, dark skin
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It was a female that was found
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Geneticists have discovered Denisovan DNA in the modern human genome. Represents
about 5% of some populations in East Asia especially Melanesia and Aboriginal Australian
people.
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Emergence of Anatomically Modern Humans Homo sapiens
Appearance of Anatomically Modern Humans
Discussion of Physical Characteristics
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They have a different cranial structure compared to other homo's
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They have a chin
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Small face
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They have a vertical forehead
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1000,-2000 cc
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Rounded cranium
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Heidelbergensis
H.
Separated brow ridge
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Broad frontal bone
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Modest postorbital constriction
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1100-1450 cc
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Broad parietal bones
Enlarged upper portion of occipital bone
Neandertal
H.
Massive face with large nasal opening
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Rounded orbits
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…
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Modern Human Origins
Multiregional Model (Regional Continuity)
suggests that modern humans evolved in various parts of the Old World after Homo
erectus spread out from Africa.
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1)
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Europe Africa Asia
Anatomically modern
H sapian
Premodern
H sapiens
Homo erectus
Gene flow
Replacement Model (Out of Africa Hypothesis)
Modern humans emerged in only one location Africa. Anatomically modern humans
then spread into other areas of the Old World replacing premodern humans.
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Neandertal populations in Europe were replaced by modern humans 30,000-40,000
years ago.
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1)
Europe Africa Asia
Anatomically modern
H sapien
Premodern
H sapien
H erectus
H habilis
Chapter 5 has a discussion of the evidence for the origins of anatomically modern humans.*****
The majority of evidence presented in the discussion supports the replacement hypothesis:
The oldest anatomically modern human fossils are found in Africa--Omo I, Ethiopia 195,000 B.P.
(before present)
The found bone that were about 300,000 ya--still found in Africa
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Transitional forms intermediate between pre-modern and modern humans are found in Africa
Seen in the African continent*
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Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, 250,000 B.P. -- (skull) looks premodern and anatomically modern
human
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Pre-modern and anatomically modern human beings were contemporaries.
Outside Africa premodern and anatomically modern were contemporary -- same time
period
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Anatomically modern humans are genetically distinct from pre-moderns.
212 genetic regions that differ from Neandertals
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Still similar enough to interbreed though
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The archaeological record shows the sudden appearance of nonlocal, African-originating artifact
types in Europe and Asia as early anatomically modern human populations spread from Africa.
Brought new tool technology with them--long narrow blades (flakes)
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Found in Africa, then Asia, and then Europe
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In Europe Neandertals began making these tools as well
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Early Modern Homo sapiens sites in Africa
Omo, Ethiopia - 195,000 ya *** really important date obtained by argon-argon dating
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Herto, Ethiopia - 160,000 ya --skull, also in Ethiopia
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Klasies River Mouth, South Africa - 120,000 ya --found bones (e.g. jaw bone)
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Blombos Cave, South Africa - 77,000 ya --incised ochre
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Border Cave, South Africa - 70,000-80,000 ya --skull
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Early Modern Homo sapiens sites in the Middle East
Qafzeh/Skūhl, Israel
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dates to about 120,000 years ago
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Area where there is Neandertals and anatomically modern humans lived together
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Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens in Europe
Arrive in Europe around 40,000 years ago
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Early anatomically modern humans in Europe are often referred to as Cro-Magnon
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Discovered in 1868 at Cro-Magnon Rock shelter near Les Eyzies, France. This site with early modern
humans dates to about 30,000 years ago
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The Upper Paleolithic in Europe
Dates 40,000 to 10,000 years ago
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Coincides with the appearance of anatomically modern humans
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This is a period with new technologies and cultural practices
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Cro-Magnon = early modern humans
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Emergence of New tool technologies including:
Indirect percussion
Punch-blade
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Pressure flaking
To sharpen or re-flake tools
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Atlatl (spear thrower)
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Efficiency of tool technology
1 pound of flint
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3 in of cutting edge -- Oldowan tool
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12 inch of cutting edge --Achuelean tool
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30 inch of tool -- Levonsian tool
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30 ft. of cutting edge -- modern humans
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Mitochondrial DNA
Replacement hypothesis*** big hint about a short
answer question--chp 5
Know timing and migration route
Burin tools common in Upper Paleolithic
Disappearance of Neandertals and Emergence of Modern Humans (pg.
158-179)
Wednesday, October 11, 2017
10:50 AM
Document Summary
Dna from a finger bone was analysed and identified as belonging to an archaic human group separate from neandertals and modern humans. They would have had brown eyes, dark skin. Geneticists have discovered denisovan dna in the modern human genome. Represents about 5% of some populations in east asia especially melanesia and aboriginal australian people. They have a different cranial structure compared to other homo"s. Multiregional model (regional continuity) suggests that modern humans evolved in various parts of the old world after homo erectus spread out from africa. erectus spread out from africa. Modern humans emerged in only one location africa. Anatomically modern humans then spread into other areas of the old world replacing premodern humans. Neandertal populations in europe were replaced by modern humans 30,000-40,000 years ago. Chapter 5 has a discussion of the evidence for the origins of anatomically modern humans. The majority of evidence presented in the discussion supports the replacement hypothesis:
