BMSC 230 Lecture Notes - Gsk-3, Blood Sugar, Glucagon

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aquamarineturtle992

12 Oct 2012

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1st reaction: transfer of phosphate group from carbon 6 to carbon 1: phosphogluco mutase (pgm) 2nd reaction: hydrolytic reaction: udp-glucose pyrophosphorylase. 3rd reaction: glycogen synthase: only forms 1-4 linkages. Synthetase: requires energy in the form of atp. New glucose is always added to the non-reducing end. 1st branch point is always alpha 1-6 linkage. The rest of the area is alpha 1-4 linkages. Need 4 glucose residues from the branch point for glycogen synthase to proceed. Once there is a minimum of 11 glucose residues from the branch point then new branches can be formed. Enzymes: glycogen synthase and glycogen branching enzyme. 1st glucose added to amino acid 194 (tyrosine residue) The only 3 aa"s with hydroxyl (oh) groups are serine, threonine and tyrosine. Glucose is added to hydroxyl group: catalyzed by glycogenin itself. Glycogenin can add up to 8 glucose residues and then . Glycogen synthase takes over and continues to add glucose residues.

Related Questions

6. During fasting the liver pyruvate kinase enzyme is :

A. inhibited by phosphorylation by PKA

B. activated by phosphorylation by PKA

C. located in the mitochondria

D. activated by ATP

_______7. Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase by PKA in the liver:

A. activates of glycogen synthase

B. inactivates of glycogen synthase

C. inactivates of glycogen phosphorylase kinase

D. activates of glycogen phosphorylase kinase

_____8. In the skeletal muscle when a football player runs sprints during practice, the NADH produced in glycolysis at the glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate step is re-oxidized primarily by:

A. Malate dehydrogenase

B. Lactate dehydrogenase

C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

D. Isocitrate dehydrogenase

_____9. Which of the following compounds is an allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase?

A. Biotin

B. Acetyl CoA

C. NADH

D. insulin

______10. Fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms and certain branched-chain fatty acids can support the net synthesis of glucose because they:

A. are converted to acetoacetate and Î²-hydroxybutyrate

B. are converted to malonyl-CoA

C. can produce propionyl-CoA which is converted to succinyl-CoA

D. Increase the NAD/NADH ratio

1. Describe the allosteric regulation and the covalent modification (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, if available!) of the following enzymes: a) Phosphofructokinase-1. b) Phosphofructokinase 2/Fructose-phosphatase 2 c) Hexokinase. d) Pyruvate kinase. e) Glycogen phosphorylase. f) Glycogen synthase. g) Pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase.

cerisellama60

1.) What are the circumstances under which glycogen would bebroken downto its component glucose molecules?

2.) How are glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthasereciprocally controlled?

3.) What is the mechanism by which phosphoprotein inhibitor-1inhibits phosphoprotein phosphatase-1?

4.)Summarize the HORMONAL CONTROL that regulatesthe metabolismof glycogen?

5.) Why are there different rate limiting steps forgluconeogenesis that glycolysis when, in fact, they are just"reversal" pathways of one another?

apricothippopotamus885

BMSC 230 Lecture Notes - Gsk-3, Blood Sugar, Glucagon

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