GEOG 130 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Berlin Wall, Derby Line, Vermont, North American Free Trade Agreement
Review: The Nation, The State, and the Nation-State
Nation
refers to a cultural group, or a large group of people self-
identifying as a group
§
o
State
refers to the political unit
§
criteria in International law:
defined territory
•
permanent population
•
government
•
can enter into relations w/ other states
•
independence
•
§
Rokkan’s (1980) 4 Functional Properties of a State
Economy
•
Political power
•
Law
•
Culture
•
§
o
Nation State
Where cultural or group boundaries 99nation) are congruent w/
political boundaries (state)
Rare in practice
•
Many “multinational states”
•
§
o
State Stability
Centrifugal Forces
Act to tear a state apart (linked to conflict)
§
E.g., internal divisions in language and/or religion (weak state
identity), lack of common history (former colonies), disputed
state boundaries
§
o
Centripetal Forces
Linked to peace
§
Act to bind a state together
§
E.g., clear and accepted state identity, long state history, clearly
delimited and undisputed boundaries
§
o
Centrifugal Forces > Centripetal Forces = State Instability
Examples of State Instability: Internal Divisions
Secessionist Movements
Nation(s) within multinational states want to create their
own separate state(s)
•
Also knows as “separatist movements”
•
Seek full separation from the original state, or self-
government within the state
Devolution: transfer of power from central to
region/local levels of government
o
•
§
Linkages between Nations in Different States
A nation within a state wants to join members of the same
nation in a different state to create a new state
E.g., Kurds in Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Armenia and
Azerbaijan, Basques in Spain and France
o
•
§
Irredentism
A state seeks the return of people and/or territory
formerly belonging, to it from another (usually
neighboring) state
E.g., Somalia
o
•
§
o
What happens when the nation doesn’t equal the state?
The case of Africa
Cultural Map of Africa
§
o
-
Colonial Africa
§
-
A Contemporary, Political Map of Africa
§
Nation-State Discordance
§
What Causes State Instability and Social Unrest?
Core-Periphery Structure
A common feature of modern states
•
Rich core and poor periphery can strengthen separatist
sentiments in the peripheral areas
Periphery feels disadvantaged (economically. In
terms of national identity)
o
•
§
o
The opposite case: Voluntary Groupings of States
European Union (EU)
o
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
o
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
o
The British Commonwealth
o
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
o
Etc.
o
Boundaries “a line indication the limit of an area and/or separating one
area from another”
Lines marking the limits of a state’s sovereignty
o
Separate the “self” from the “other”
Related to ideas of power and security
§
o
Can be illogical
Divide common groups
§
Unite disparate groups
§
o
Are Artificial**
What is meaningful in one context might not be meaningful in
another
Boundaries are social constructions
•
§
Can be human-created physical barriers preventing others from
entering
E.g., the great wall of China; Hadrian’s Wall; the U.S.-
Mexico Border fence; The Berlin Wall; Fences along the
Israel-West Bank border
•
§
Can be natural features
E.g., rivers; mountains
•
§
Can be arbitrary or invisible lines
E.g., 49th parallel; colonial boundaries
•
§
o
Related to the idea of state stability
Stability: clear, undisputed boundaries
§
Instability: unclear, disputed boundaries
§
o
Antecedent
Boundaries established before significant settlement began
§
o
Subsequent
Boundaries defined after an area has been settled and the basic
human landscape established
§
May attempt to reflect national identities
E.g., political boundaries of France delimited according to
the boundaries of the French nation
•
§
o
Enclaves vs. Exclaves
Youtube video: “the most complex international borders in the world”
o
Enclave:
o
Exclave:
o
Enclave aren’t always necessarily exclave
o
3 enclave cities:
o
enclaves within an enclave (3 examples)
o
Border “A line separating two countries, administrative divisions, or other
areas”
international border; Stansted, Quebec and Derby Line, Vermont
Haskell Free Library and Opera House; Stansted, Quebec and
Derby Line, Vermont
§
o
Only library with no books & only Opera house with no stage
o
What issues or problems might emerge from the creation of a
boundary such as that running between Stansted, Quebec and Derby
Line, Vermont? (Or Lloydminster)
Time issues in Lloyd
§
Alcohol
§
Provincial tax
§
Definitely consequences for living in places in between borders
§
o
Are borders opening? The case of globalization
Argument that globalization acts to erase the meaning of
national borders
Difficult to protect national identity and national
sovereignty
Emerging “world culture” and loss of local,
indigenous culture
o
•
Increased mobility and improved communications
technology reduces meaning of borders and distance
•
§
Cyber and The creation of new boundaries
United non-contiguous groups around the globe
•
Excludes those w/o computer access
•
What aspects of new technology ay break down national
borders?
•
§
Argument that globalization acts to strengthen national borders
Nations and people become more protective of “home”
and local. Indigenous culture in the wake of increasing
globalization
•
§
o
Are borders closing? The case of terrorism and national security
The western hemisphere travel initiative (WHTI)
“the western hemisphere travel initiative (WHTI) is a U.S.
law that requires all travellers, including U.S. and Canadian
citizens, to present a valid passport or other approved
secure document when entering the United States from
within the western hemisphere”
•
contrast with European Union policies: w/ a few
exceptions do not need to pass through border control if a
EU citizen
•
The WHTI
Announced by the U.S. Departments of State and
Homeland Security in 2005
Following the 2004 release of the 9/11
Commission Report and the enactment of the
intelligence reform and terrorism prevention
act
®
o
Implemented in stages, according to made of
transportation
January 2007: Documents required for air travel
®
June 2009: Documents required for entry into
the united states at land or water ports of entry
®
o
As of 2007:
An estimated 27% of U.S. citizens had passports
53% increase in passport applications
◊
®
An estimated 40% of Canadians had passports
33% increase in passport applications
◊
®
o
Attempts to create “passport alternatives”
Secure Driver’s Licenses
®
Photo ID cards
Information in card’s microchip
◊
®
o
•
§
o
Tuesday, November 1, 2016
Political Geography (week 7/ page 73-103)
Review: The Nation, The State, and the Nation-State
Nation
refers to a cultural group, or a large group of people self-
identifying as a group
§
o
State
refers to the political unit
§
criteria in International law:
defined territory
•
permanent population
•
government
•
can enter into relations w/ other states
•
independence
•
§
Rokkan’s (1980) 4 Functional Properties of a State
Economy
•
Political power
•
Law
•
Culture
•
§
o
Nation State
Where cultural or group boundaries 99nation) are congruent w/
political boundaries (state)
Rare in practice
•
Many “multinational states”
•
§
o
State Stability
Centrifugal Forces
Act to tear a state apart (linked to conflict)
§
E.g., internal divisions in language and/or religion (weak state
identity), lack of common history (former colonies), disputed
state boundaries
§
o
Centripetal Forces
Linked to peace
§
Act to bind a state together
§
E.g., clear and accepted state identity, long state history, clearly
delimited and undisputed boundaries
§
o
Centrifugal Forces > Centripetal Forces = State Instability
Examples of State Instability: Internal Divisions
Secessionist Movements
Nation(s) within multinational states want to create their
own separate state(s)
•
Also knows as “separatist movements”
•
Seek full separation from the original state, or self-
government within the state
Devolution: transfer of power from central to
region/local levels of government
o
•
§
Linkages between Nations in Different States
A nation within a state wants to join members of the same
nation in a different state to create a new state
E.g., Kurds in Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Armenia and
Azerbaijan, Basques in Spain and France
o
•
§
Irredentism
A state seeks the return of people and/or territory
formerly belonging, to it from another (usually
neighboring) state
E.g., Somalia
o
•
§
o
What happens when the nation doesn’t equal the state?
The case of Africa
Cultural Map of Africa
§
o
-
Colonial Africa
§
-
A Contemporary, Political Map of Africa
§
Nation-State Discordance
§
What Causes State Instability and Social Unrest?
Core-Periphery Structure
A common feature of modern states
•
Rich core and poor periphery can strengthen separatist
sentiments in the peripheral areas
Periphery feels disadvantaged (economically. In
terms of national identity)
o
•
§
o
The opposite case: Voluntary Groupings of States
European Union (EU)
o
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
o
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
o
The British Commonwealth
o
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
o
Etc.
o
Boundaries “a line indication the limit of an area and/or separating one
area from another”
Lines marking the limits of a state’s sovereignty
o
Separate the “self” from the “other”
Related to ideas of power and security
§
o
Can be illogical
Divide common groups
§
Unite disparate groups
§
o
Are Artificial**
What is meaningful in one context might not be meaningful in
another
Boundaries are social constructions
•
§
Can be human-created physical barriers preventing others from
entering
E.g., the great wall of China; Hadrian’s Wall; the U.S.-
Mexico Border fence; The Berlin Wall; Fences along the
Israel-West Bank border
•
§
Can be natural features
E.g., rivers; mountains
•
§
Can be arbitrary or invisible lines
E.g., 49th parallel; colonial boundaries
•
§
o
Related to the idea of state stability
Stability: clear, undisputed boundaries
§
Instability: unclear, disputed boundaries
§
o
Antecedent
Boundaries established before significant settlement began
§
o
Subsequent
Boundaries defined after an area has been settled and the basic
human landscape established
§
May attempt to reflect national identities
E.g., political boundaries of France delimited according to
the boundaries of the French nation
•
§
o
Enclaves vs. Exclaves
Youtube video: “the most complex international borders in the world”
o
Enclave:
o
Exclave:
o
Enclave aren’t always necessarily exclave
o
3 enclave cities:
o
enclaves within an enclave (3 examples)
o
Border “A line separating two countries, administrative divisions, or other
areas”
international border; Stansted, Quebec and Derby Line, Vermont
Haskell Free Library and Opera House; Stansted, Quebec and
Derby Line, Vermont
§
o
Only library with no books & only Opera house with no stage
o
What issues or problems might emerge from the creation of a
boundary such as that running between Stansted, Quebec and Derby
Line, Vermont? (Or Lloydminster)
Time issues in Lloyd
§
Alcohol
§
Provincial tax
§
Definitely consequences for living in places in between borders
§
o
Are borders opening? The case of globalization
Argument that globalization acts to erase the meaning of
national borders
Difficult to protect national identity and national
sovereignty
Emerging “world culture” and loss of local,
indigenous culture
o
•
Increased mobility and improved communications
technology reduces meaning of borders and distance
•
§
Cyber and The creation of new boundaries
United non-contiguous groups around the globe
•
Excludes those w/o computer access
•
What aspects of new technology ay break down national
borders?
•
§
Argument that globalization acts to strengthen national borders
Nations and people become more protective of “home”
and local. Indigenous culture in the wake of increasing
globalization
•
§
o
Are borders closing? The case of terrorism and national security
The western hemisphere travel initiative (WHTI)
“the western hemisphere travel initiative (WHTI) is a U.S.
law that requires all travellers, including U.S. and Canadian
citizens, to present a valid passport or other approved
secure document when entering the United States from
within the western hemisphere”
•
contrast with European Union policies: w/ a few
exceptions do not need to pass through border control if a
EU citizen
•
The WHTI
Announced by the U.S. Departments of State and
Homeland Security in 2005
Following the 2004 release of the 9/11
Commission Report and the enactment of the
intelligence reform and terrorism prevention
act
®
o
Implemented in stages, according to made of
transportation
January 2007: Documents required for air travel
®
June 2009: Documents required for entry into
the united states at land or water ports of entry
®
o
As of 2007:
An estimated 27% of U.S. citizens had passports
53% increase in passport applications
◊
®
An estimated 40% of Canadians had passports
33% increase in passport applications
◊
®
o
Attempts to create “passport alternatives”
Secure Driver’s Licenses
®
Photo ID cards
Information in card’s microchip
◊
®
o
•
§
o
Tuesday, November 1, 2016
Political Geography (week 7/ page 73-103)
Review: The Nation, The State, and the Nation-State
Nation
refers to a cultural group, or a large group of people self-
identifying as a group
§
o
State
refers to the political unit
§
criteria in International law:
defined territory
•
permanent population
•
government
•
can enter into relations w/ other states
•
independence
•
§
Rokkan’s (1980) 4 Functional Properties of a State
Economy
•
Political power
•
Law
•
Culture
•
§
o
Nation State
Where cultural or group boundaries 99nation) are congruent w/
political boundaries (state)
Rare in practice
•
Many “multinational states”
•
§
o
State Stability
Centrifugal Forces
Act to tear a state apart (linked to conflict)
§
E.g., internal divisions in language and/or religion (weak state
identity), lack of common history (former colonies), disputed
state boundaries
§
o
Centripetal Forces
Linked to peace
§
Act to bind a state together
§
E.g., clear and accepted state identity, long state history, clearly
delimited and undisputed boundaries
§
o
Centrifugal Forces > Centripetal Forces = State Instability
Examples of State Instability: Internal Divisions
Secessionist Movements
Nation(s) within multinational states want to create their
own separate state(s)
•
Also knows as “separatist movements”
•
Seek full separation from the original state, or self-
government within the state
Devolution: transfer of power from central to
region/local levels of government
o
•
§
Linkages between Nations in Different States
A nation within a state wants to join members of the same
nation in a different state to create a new state
E.g., Kurds in Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Armenia and
Azerbaijan, Basques in Spain and France
o
•
§
Irredentism
A state seeks the return of people and/or territory
formerly belonging, to it from another (usually
neighboring) state
E.g., Somalia
o
•
§
o
What happens when the nation doesn’t equal the state?
The case of Africa
Cultural Map of Africa
§
o
-
Colonial Africa
§
-
A Contemporary, Political Map of Africa
§
Nation-State Discordance
§
What Causes State Instability and Social Unrest?
Core-Periphery Structure
A common feature of modern states
•
Rich core and poor periphery can strengthen separatist
sentiments in the peripheral areas
Periphery feels disadvantaged (economically. In
terms of national identity)
o
•
§
o
The opposite case: Voluntary Groupings of States
European Union (EU)
o
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
o
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
o
The British Commonwealth
o
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
o
Etc.
o
Boundaries “a line indication the limit of an area and/or separating one
area from another”
Lines marking the limits of a state’s sovereignty
o
Separate the “self” from the “other”
Related to ideas of power and security
§
o
Can be illogical
Divide common groups
§
Unite disparate groups
§
o
Are Artificial**
What is meaningful in one context might not be meaningful in
another
Boundaries are social constructions
•
§
Can be human-created physical barriers preventing others from
entering
E.g., the great wall of China; Hadrian’s Wall; the U.S.-
Mexico Border fence; The Berlin Wall; Fences along the
Israel-West Bank border
•
§
Can be natural features
E.g., rivers; mountains
•
§
Can be arbitrary or invisible lines
E.g., 49th parallel; colonial boundaries
•
§
o
Related to the idea of state stability
Stability: clear, undisputed boundaries
§
Instability: unclear, disputed boundaries
§
o
Antecedent
Boundaries established before significant settlement began
§
o
Subsequent
Boundaries defined after an area has been settled and the basic
human landscape established
§
May attempt to reflect national identities
E.g., political boundaries of France delimited according to
the boundaries of the French nation
•
§
o
Enclaves vs. Exclaves
Youtube video: “the most complex international borders in the world”
o
Enclave:
o
Exclave:
o
Enclave aren’t always necessarily exclave
o
3 enclave cities:
o
enclaves within an enclave (3 examples)
o
Border “A line separating two countries, administrative divisions, or other
areas”
international border; Stansted, Quebec and Derby Line, Vermont
Haskell Free Library and Opera House; Stansted, Quebec and
Derby Line, Vermont
§
o
Only library with no books & only Opera house with no stage
o
What issues or problems might emerge from the creation of a
boundary such as that running between Stansted, Quebec and Derby
Line, Vermont? (Or Lloydminster)
Time issues in Lloyd
§
Alcohol
§
Provincial tax
§
Definitely consequences for living in places in between borders
§
o
Are borders opening? The case of globalization
Argument that globalization acts to erase the meaning of
national borders
Difficult to protect national identity and national
sovereignty
Emerging “world culture” and loss of local,
indigenous culture
o
•
Increased mobility and improved communications
technology reduces meaning of borders and distance
•
§
Cyber and The creation of new boundaries
United non-contiguous groups around the globe
•
Excludes those w/o computer access
•
What aspects of new technology ay break down national
borders?
•
§
Argument that globalization acts to strengthen national borders
Nations and people become more protective of “home”
and local. Indigenous culture in the wake of increasing
globalization
•
§
o
Are borders closing? The case of terrorism and national security
The western hemisphere travel initiative (WHTI)
“the western hemisphere travel initiative (WHTI) is a U.S.
law that requires all travellers, including U.S. and Canadian
citizens, to present a valid passport or other approved
secure document when entering the United States from
within the western hemisphere”
•
contrast with European Union policies: w/ a few
exceptions do not need to pass through border control if a
EU citizen
•
The WHTI
Announced by the U.S. Departments of State and
Homeland Security in 2005
Following the 2004 release of the 9/11
Commission Report and the enactment of the
intelligence reform and terrorism prevention
act
®
o
Implemented in stages, according to made of
transportation
January 2007: Documents required for air travel
®
June 2009: Documents required for entry into
the united states at land or water ports of entry
®
o
As of 2007:
An estimated 27% of U.S. citizens had passports
53% increase in passport applications
◊
®
An estimated 40% of Canadians had passports
33% increase in passport applications
◊
®
o
Attempts to create “passport alternatives”
Secure Driver’s Licenses
®
Photo ID cards
Information in card’s microchip
◊
®
o
•
§
o
Tuesday, November 1, 2016
Political Geography (week 7/ page 73-103)
Document Summary
Review: the nation, the state, and the nation-state o. Nation refers to a cultural group, or a large group of people self- identifying as a group o. State refers to the political unit criteria in international law: defined territory permanent population government can enter into relations w/ other states independence. Rokkan"s (1980) 4 functional properties of a state. Where cultural or group boundaries 99nation) are congruent w/ political boundaries (state) Act to tear a state apart (linked to conflict) E. g. , internal divisions in language and/or religion (weak state identity), lack of common history (former colonies), disputed identity), lack of common history (former colonies), disputed state boundaries o. E. g. , clear and accepted state identity, long state history, clearly delimited and undisputed boundaries. Centrifugal forces > centripetal forces = state instability o. Nation(s) within multinational states want to create their own separate state(s) Seek full separation from the original state, or self- government within the state o.
