GEOG 130 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Urban Design, Market Garden, Ron Herron
Levels of Economic Activity
Primary activities: (farming, fishing, forestry, mining, etc.) involve harvesting
resources directly from the land/water without modification
-
Secondary activities: (manufacturing, food processing, steel mills, etc.) involve
creating something new by converting primary resources into higher valued
goods
-
Tertiary activities: involve moving, selling and trading goods produced at the
first two levels, as well as professional and financial services (banking,
investment)
-
Quaternary activities: involve information processing (assembling, processing
and transmitting) and intellectual services (management and
academic/education)
-
Competition for Land
Different activities compete for the use of any location
It isn't possible for all activities to be carried out at their economically
optimal location
How do we determine the most appropriate use for a particular
piece of land?
Land is generally assigned to the use that generates the
greatest profits
□
We can determine a hierarchy of land uses based on relative
profits
□
The greater the profits generated by a particular use, the more
that use can afford to pay for the land
Ceiling rent is the maximum amount that a given use can
pay
®
□
§
○
-
Rent-paying abilities of different land uses
-
The premise of location theory
The competition among land uses, a competition fought according to rent
paying abilities, results in a spatial patterning of those land uses
○
-
Economic rent
This premise is added to the concept of economic rent - which explains
why land is or is not used for production
○
Land is used for production if a given land use has an economic rent
above zero - which means that there is some profit to the be made in
cultivating or using the land
○
Economic rent formula:
R = E (p-a) - Efk
§
○
-
R = rent per unit of land
§
k = distance from the market
§
E = output per unit of land
§
p = market price per unit of commodity
§
a = production cost per unit of commodity parameters
§
f = transport rate per unit of distance per unit of commodity
§
This is a straightforward linear relationship between rent and
distance - as distance from the market increases, rent decreases.
§
Understanding economic rent
Competition for the best location near the market drives economic
rent prices up & the activities with the highest profitability are
located in the centre (can afford this location)
Because location rent declines with increasing distance from
the market, it eventually becomes zero
□
§
When more than one type of activity is practised, a series f
economic rent lines will appear
Where the lines cross, one activity replaces another as more
profitable
□
§
The result is a series of concentric rings around the market
§
○
Von Thünen's Agricultural Location Theory
Asked: Which agricultural activities should be practice where?
○
The isolated state model - several assumption:
There is only one city/central market
§
All farmers sell their products in this central market
§
All farmers are profit maximizers
§
The agricultural land around the market has uniform productive
capacity
§
There is only one mode of transportation by which farmers can
transport their products to the market
§
○
Held all variables (physical environment, human behaviour, transport)
constant - except distance
○
Asked: How will agriculture develop under such conditions?
○
Two conclusions:
The crop theory
Agricultural activities are located in concentric rings around
the central market
□
Each ring is devoted to a specific use - or product for which
there is a market demand
□
§
○
-
Product location is affected by perishability and weigh as they
affect transport cost
□
Zone 1 - market gardening and milk production (perishable,
high transport costs)
□
Zone 2 - forestry products (used for fuel and building at the
time - high transport costs)
□
Zone 3, 4, 5 - rye (varies according to intensity of rye
cultivations )
□
Zone 6 - livestock ranching and grazing □
Outside this: wilderness --can be brought into production if
demand increases
□
The intensity theory
The intensity of each specific land use decreases with
increasing distance from the market
□
§
Factors Influencing urban structure
Transportation technology
-
Land prices
-
Planning policies and regulations
-
Parts of the city
Central business district
-
Central city
-
Suburbs
-
Three phases of growth
The "walking city"
Mid-1800s to early 1900s
○
Primary modes of transportation - walking and railways
○
Most employment in central business district
○
Manufacturing and warehouses located near railway lines and terminals
○
Residences located within walking distance of CBD
○
Compact form of development
○
-
"Streetcar suburbs"
Late 1800s to 1930s
○
Growth of residential neighborhoods along streetcar lines
○
High- to medium-density housing
○
Most employment remained at CBD
○
Primary mode of transportation - streetcars
○
-
The "automotive city"
Began to take shape after 1945
○
Several influences
Strong post-war economy
§
Low energy prices
§
Increasing car ownership
§
Post-war "baby boom"
§
Increasing home affordability
§
○
Continuing outward growth of urban areas
○
Increasing importance of suburban employment
○
Declining importance of central business district
○
Increasing reliance on automobile and truck transportation
○
Decline of walking, public transportation and railways
○
-
Urban design of Saskatoon depicting the three types of neighborhoods
Red: grid
§
Blue: fractured grid
§
Green: curvilinear
§
PERIOD TRANSPORTATION DENSITIES
“Walking City”
Mid-1800s - Early 1900s Walking, Horse, Railways High
“Streetcar Suburbs”
Late 1800s - World War II Public Transportation (Streetcars) Medium to High
“Automotive City”
1945 -present Automobiles, Trucks Low
Urban Patterns and Structures (pg. 1 -50)
Tuesday, November 29, 2016
Levels of Economic Activity
Primary activities: (farming, fishing, forestry, mining, etc.) involve harvesting
resources directly from the land/water without modification
-
Secondary activities: (manufacturing, food processing, steel mills, etc.) involve
creating something new by converting primary resources into higher valued
goods
-
Tertiary activities: involve moving, selling and trading goods produced at the
first two levels, as well as professional and financial services (banking,
investment)
-
Quaternary activities: involve information processing (assembling, processing
and transmitting) and intellectual services (management and
academic/education)
-
Competition for Land
Different activities compete for the use of any location
It isn't possible for all activities to be carried out at their economically
optimal location
How do we determine the most appropriate use for a particular
piece of land?
Land is generally assigned to the use that generates the
greatest profits
□
We can determine a hierarchy of land uses based on relative
profits
□
The greater the profits generated by a particular use, the more
that use can afford to pay for the land
Ceiling rent is the maximum amount that a given use can
pay
®
□
§
○
-
Rent-paying abilities of different land uses
-
The premise of location theory
The competition among land uses, a competition fought according to rent
paying abilities, results in a spatial patterning of those land uses
○
-
Economic rent
This premise is added to the concept of economic rent - which explains
why land is or is not used for production
○
Land is used for production if a given land use has an economic rent
above zero - which means that there is some profit to the be made in
cultivating or using the land
○
Economic rent formula:
R = E (p-a) - Efk
§
○
-
R = rent per unit of land
§
k = distance from the market
§
E = output per unit of land
§
p = market price per unit of commodity
§
a = production cost per unit of commodity parameters
§
f = transport rate per unit of distance per unit of commodity
§
This is a straightforward linear relationship between rent and
distance - as distance from the market increases, rent decreases.
§
Understanding economic rent
Competition for the best location near the market drives economic
rent prices up & the activities with the highest profitability are
located in the centre (can afford this location)
Because location rent declines with increasing distance from
the market, it eventually becomes zero
□
§
When more than one type of activity is practised, a series f
economic rent lines will appear
Where the lines cross, one activity replaces another as more
profitable
□
§
The result is a series of concentric rings around the market
§
○
Von Thünen's Agricultural Location Theory
Asked: Which agricultural activities should be practice where?
○
The isolated state model - several assumption:
There is only one city/central market
§
All farmers sell their products in this central market
§
All farmers are profit maximizers
§
The agricultural land around the market has uniform productive
capacity
§
There is only one mode of transportation by which farmers can
transport their products to the market
§
○
Held all variables (physical environment, human behaviour, transport)
constant - except distance
○
Asked: How will agriculture develop under such conditions?
○
Two conclusions:
The crop theory
Agricultural activities are located in concentric rings around
the central market
□
Each ring is devoted to a specific use - or product for which
there is a market demand
□
§
○
-
Product location is affected by perishability and weigh as they
affect transport cost
□
Zone 1 - market gardening and milk production (perishable,
high transport costs)
□
Zone 2 - forestry products (used for fuel and building at the
time - high transport costs)
□
Zone 3, 4, 5 - rye (varies according to intensity of rye
cultivations )
□
Zone 6 - livestock ranching and grazing □
Outside this: wilderness --can be brought into production if
demand increases
□
The intensity theory
The intensity of each specific land use decreases with
increasing distance from the market
□
§
Factors Influencing urban structure
Transportation technology
-
Land prices
-
Planning policies and regulations
-
Parts of the city
Central business district
-
Central city
-
Suburbs
-
Three phases of growth
The "walking city"
Mid-1800s to early 1900s
○
Primary modes of transportation - walking and railways
○
Most employment in central business district
○
Manufacturing and warehouses located near railway lines and terminals
○
Residences located within walking distance of CBD
○
Compact form of development
○
-
"Streetcar suburbs"
Late 1800s to 1930s
○
Growth of residential neighborhoods along streetcar lines
○
High- to medium-density housing
○
Most employment remained at CBD
○
Primary mode of transportation - streetcars
○
-
The "automotive city"
Began to take shape after 1945
○
Several influences
Strong post-war economy
§
Low energy prices
§
Increasing car ownership
§
Post-war "baby boom"
§
Increasing home affordability
§
○
Continuing outward growth of urban areas
○
Increasing importance of suburban employment
○
Declining importance of central business district
○
Increasing reliance on automobile and truck transportation
○
Decline of walking, public transportation and railways
○
-
Urban design of Saskatoon depicting the three types of neighborhoods
Red: grid
§
Blue: fractured grid
§
Green: curvilinear
§
PERIOD TRANSPORTATION DENSITIES
“Walking City”
Mid-1800s - Early 1900s Walking, Horse, Railways High
“Streetcar Suburbs”
Late 1800s - World War II Public Transportation (Streetcars) Medium to High
“Automotive City”
1945 -present Automobiles, Trucks Low
Urban Patterns and Structures (pg. 1 -50)
Tuesday, November 29, 2016
Document Summary
Primary activities: (farming, fishing, forestry, mining, etc. ) involve harvesting resources directly from the land/water without modification. Secondary activities: (manufacturing, food processing, steel mills, etc. ) involve creating something new by converting primary resources into higher valued goods. Tertiary activities: involve moving, selling and trading goods produced at the first two levels, as well as professional and financial services (banking, investment) Quaternary activities: involve information processing (assembling, processing and transmitting) and intellectual services (management and academic/education) Different activities compete for the use of any location. It isn"t possible for all activities to be carried out at their economically optimal location. Land is generally assigned to the use that generates the greatest profits. We can determine a hierarchy of land uses based on relative profits. The greater the profits generated by a particular use, the more that use can afford to pay for the land. Ceiling rent is the maximum amount that a given use can pay.
