GEOG 130 Lecture Notes - Doubling Time, Ecumene, Immigration
Geog 130/ Oct. 13
Population Geography (week 5 & 6 pt. 2/ pages 46-69)
Fertility – total fertility rate replacement level fertility
- Fertility – number of children a woman has had
- Fecundity – the physiological ability for an average woman to have children (avg. ~15
max. children)
- Age-Specific Fertility Rate:
oASFR = (births in a year to women age x / women aged x at mid-year)1000
oA more precise fertility rate
oCalculated for five-year age groups (e.g., 15-19, 20-24 and so on to upper limits
of fertility
oRequires much better data than CBR but is sensitive to variations in age of
female portion of the populations
- Total fertility rate
oTFR = sum of ASFRs x 5 / 1000
oA precise, single-figure, fertility rate for a population
oThe rate is expressed as a value per one woman
oTFR requires a substantial amount of data to calculate
- Replacement level fertility
oA rate of births per woman that would guarantee a stable population
oEstimated 2.1 to 2.5
oCompensates for early deaths, and replaces parents
- Reasons for global fertility decline:
1 Improved contraceptives/increased knowledge and acceptance of contraceptives
2 Reduced child mortality (less need to replace children who die)
3 High rates of urbanization increase the cost-benefit ratio of children
4 Increase education of women has raised earning power and increase the
“opportunity cost” of child bearing and child rearing (also favours later marriage)
5 Improved technology leads to greater return to “investment” (incentive to educate
fewer children rather than to have large number of kids)
- Fertility transition
oSince about 1970, fertility has declined throughout much of the less-developed
world and is continuing to decline
Need to consider current circumstances of areas being affected
Most powerful influence:
Improvement in education and lives of women
oPrimary reason why fertility is declining so rapidly in less developed world:
‘reductions are caused by a new cultural attitude related to educational
advances – a desire for smaller families and willingness to employ
modern contraceptive methods – and by the ready availability of these
methods
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Document Summary
Fertility total fertility rate replacement level fertility. Fertility number of children a woman has had. Fecundity the physiological ability for an average woman to have children (avg. Replacement level fertility: a rate of births per woman that would guarantee a stable population, estimated 2. 1 to 2. 5, compensates for early deaths, and replaces parents. 1 improved contraceptives/increased knowledge and acceptance of contraceptives. 2 reduced child mortality (less need to replace children who die) 3 high rates of urbanization increase the cost-benefit ratio of children. 4 increase education of women has raised earning power and increase the. Opportunity cost of child bearing and child rearing (also favours later marriage) 5 improved technology leads to greater return to investment (incentive to educate fewer children rather than to have large number of kids) Fertility transition: since about 1970, fertility has declined throughout much of the less-developed world and is continuing to decline. Need to consider current circumstances of areas being affected.
