ECON302 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Budget Constraint, Risk Premium, Real Wages

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sangriagiraffe866

18 May 2016

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Economics

Course

ECON302

Professor

Nafeez Fatima

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Document Summary

A microeconomic foundation is an analysis of how individual consumers and producers make choices. For any decision, assume the market is perfectly competitive; all individuals are too small to have a significant impact on the various prices that influence their decisions. Adding up the individual choices determines aggregate or market supply and demand functions. These functions determine the quantities and prices in the economy using market-clearing conditions. Households are assumed to perform all the functions in the economy. Each household uses labour l, and capital, k, to produce goods, y, through the production function: In the labour market: households supply labour on a labour market, where the quantity supplied ls, is assumed to be constant, l. Labour is measured as the flow quantity of person-hours per year: households also demand labour in the quantity ld from the labour market, the labour demanded is used as an input to the production of goods.

Related Questions

MC Qu. 020 In a market economy:

In a market economy:

the government owns the means of production so that it can produce what is in society's best interest.

businesses design their plans to maximize their profit and the market is relied upon to see that individual self-interest is consistent with society's interest.

workers are directed by government planning boards to produce what is in society's best interest.

government sets prices to make necessities affordable because it is in society's best interest to make necessities affordable.

MC Qu. 022 Suppose that at the current price consumers would ...

Suppose that at the current price consumers would like to purchase 10 million large-screen televisions and 15 million are available. When the market coordinates the demand and supply for large-screen televisions, the price of large-screen televisions will:

rise.

fall.

stay the same.

be fixed by the government.

MC Qu. 036 Most economies today are:

Most economies today are:

pure market economies.

differentiated primarily by the degree to which they depend on markets.

differentiated primarily by who owns the means of production.

socialist.

MC Qu. 047 Households are on the:

Households are on the:

the supply side of factor markets and the demand side of goods markets.

the demand side of factor markets and the supply side of goods markets.

the supply side of both factor markets and goods markets.

the demand side of both factor markets and goods markets.

MC Qu. 050 Governments do all of the following except:

Governments do all of the following except:

oversee the interaction of households and businesses in the goods and factor markets.

demand labor services from households in the factor market.

demand for goods and services from businesses in the goods market.

supply labor services to businesses in the factor market.

MC Qu. 054 Businesses fail because:

Businesses fail because:

they follow the principle of consumer sovereignty too closely.

the invisible hand determines that they are not producing something socially valuable.

they earn excessive profits.

entrepreneurship is present.

MC Qu. 066 A business is most likely to be characterized as a...

A business is most likely to be characterized as a corporation if:

it has two or more owners, with each owner liable for every other owner's actions.

it has only one owner.

it is legally treated as a person and owned by stockholders who are liable for the actions of the corporate "person" regardless of their investment

each owner is liable only to the extent of his or her own investment.

MC Qu. 074 Which of the following statements is correct?

Which of the following statements is correct?

Stockholders are legally liable for all the debt of a corporation.

A corporation is a business that is legally owned by its employees.

Corporations are legal entities that, in law, are treated as persons.

Most large companies and many small companies in the United States are not corporations.

MC Qu. 095 Government regulation of working conditions is an ...

Government regulation of working conditions is an example of:

government as a referee.

government as owner.

government as an actor.

government as a dictator.

10. MC Qu. 104 Which of the following would most likely generate ...

Which of the following would most likely generate a negative externality?

education

a lighthouse

cigarette smoke

employment

magentasnail731

1. In the actual economy, households

a. spend all of their income.

b. divide their income among spending, taxes, and saving.

c. buy all goods and services produced in the economy.

d. Both (a) and (c) are correct.

2. Gross domestic product is defined as

a. the quantity of all final goods and services demanded within a country in a given period of time.

b. the quantity of all final goods and services supplied within a country in a given period of time.

c. the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.

d. Both (a) and (b) are correct.

3. GDP adds together many different kinds of products into a single measure of the value of economic activity by using prices determined by

a. banks.

b. economists.

c. the government.

d. markets.

4. Over time, people have come to rely more on market-produced goods and less on goods that they produce for themselves. For example, busy people with high incomes, rather than cleaning their own houses, hire people to clean their houses. By itself, this change has

a. caused measured GDP to fall.

b. not caused any change in measured GDP.

c. caused measured GDP to rise.

d. probably changed measured GDP, but in an uncertain direction; the direction of the change depends on the difference in the quality of the cleaning that has resulted.

5. A steel company sells some steel to a bicycle company for $150. The bicycle company uses steel to produce a bicycle, which it sells for $250. Taken together, these two transactions contribute

a. $150 to GDP.

b. $250 to GDP.

c. between $250 and $400 to GDP, depending on the profit earned by the bicycle company when it sold the bicycle.

d. $400 to GDP.

6. The total sales of all firms in the economy for a year

a. equals GDP for the year.

b. is larger than GDP for the year.

c. is smaller than GDP for the year.

d. Any of the above is possible.

7. GDP is equal to

a. the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.

b. Y.

c. C + I + G + NX.

d. All of the above are correct.

8. The consumption component of GDP includes spending on

a. durable goods and nondurable goods, but not spending on services.

b. durable goods and services, but not spending on nondurable goods.

c. nondurable goods and services, but not spending on durable goods.

d. durable goods, nondurable goods, and services.

periwinkletoad580

QUESTION 1

Assume there are two basic goods produced in a nation, consumer goods and capital goods. The production possibilities graph for these two goods is bowed out from the origin. This reason for this shape of the graph is because of:

	A.	the other-things-equal assumption.
	B.	the law of increasing opportunity costs.
	C.	diminishing marginal utility.
	D.	present choices and future possibilities.

1 points

QUESTION 2

From an economic perspective, when a student decides to attend another year of college, the student has concluded that the:

	A.	marginal costs of attending college are reduced by the availability of grants and subsidies.
	B.	marginal benefits of attending college have increased because the future is brighter.
	C.	marginal benefits of attending college are greater than the marginal costs.
	D.	marginal costs of attending college have decreased to make college affordable.

1 points

QUESTION 3

A person observes that as consumer prices fall, economic growth increases. The person concludes that fall consumer prices leads to economic growth. This conclusion would be an example of:

	A.	confusing correlation with causation.
	B.	the fallacy of composition.
	C.	trade-offs among economic goals.
	D.	the other-things-equal assumption.

1 points

QUESTION 4

The problem of unlimited wants and limited income is known as

	A.	the scientific method.
	B.	unequal wealth distribution.
	C.	normative economics.
	D.	the economizing problem.

1 points

QUESTION 5

A point outside the production possibilities curve is:

	A.	unattainable without economic growth.
	B.	attainable and the economy is efficient.
	C.	unattainable without inflation.
	D.	attainable, but the economy is inefficient.

1 points

QUESTION 6

Which one of the following would be an example of loaded terminology?

	A.	market forces
	B.	tentative hypothesis
	C.	entrepreneurial functions
	D.	creeping socialism

1 points

QUESTION 7

Suppose there are two economies, Alpha and Beta, both of which have the same production possibilities curves. If Beta devotes more resources to produce investment goods than consumer goods as compared to Alpha, then in the future:

	A.	Alpha will not be able to achieve full employment.
	B.	Beta will not be able to achieve full employment.
	C.	Alpha will experience greater economic growth than Beta.
	D.	Beta will experience greater economic growth than Alpha.

1 points

QUESTION 8

Macroeconomics, as opposed to microeconomics, is concerned with

	A.	individual businesses.
	B.	new computer technology.
	C.	the stock market.
	D.	the economy as a whole.

1 points

QUESTION 9

Which one of the following is an example of a positive economic statement?

	A.	The size of the Federal government should be reduced.
	B.	Midwest states affected by drought should be given more federal disaster aid.
	C.	Education and income are highly correlated.
	D.	The minimum wage for workers should be raised to help low-income workers.

1 points

QUESTION 10

Economics is primarily concerned with

	A.	interactions between the government and market participants.
	B.	how scarce resources are used.
	C.	the production and distribution of capital goods.
	D.	how income is divided among individuals.

1 points

QUESTION 11

The production possibilities table below shows the hypothetical relationship between the production of guns (national defense) and butter (social goods) in an economy.

A B C D E

Guns 0 4 7 9 10

Butter 4 3 2 1 0

If the economy is producing at alternative C, what is the opportunity cost of producing another unit of butter?

	A.	3 units of guns.
	B.	1 units of guns.
	C.	2 units of guns.
	D.	4 units of guns.

1 points

QUESTION 12

Assume that a consumer can buy only two goods X and Y, and has an income of $120. The price of X is $10 and the price of Y is $20. If the consumer spends all of her money on X and Y, which of the following would be a possible combination:

	A.	4X and 2Y
	B.	5X and 3Y
	C.	6X and 3Y
	D.	8X and 1Y

1 points

QUESTION 13

In the production possibilities model of an economy, when there is full employment of resources

		a nation will be operating at an interior point within its production possibilities curve.
		a nation will be operating on the production possibilities curve.
		the production possibilities curve will shift outward to the right.
		the production possibilies curve will shift inward to the left.

1 points

QUESTION 14

In economics the concept that there is "no free lunch" means

	A.	scarce resources were used to produce these "free" goods so there is an opportunity cost to producing them.
	B.	consumers are irrational when they ask for a free lunch unless they can make the case that the free lunch benefits business.
	C.	the marginal cost of the "lunch" is greater than the marginal benefit.
	D.	businesses could not make a profit if they gave away free goods to consumers.

1 points

QUESTION 15

Assume that a consumer can only purchase two goods with her income. A straight-line budget constraint indicates that the opportunity cost of obtaining an additional unit of one good is:

	A.	negative.
	B.	constant.
	C.	increasing.
	D.	decreasing.

carmineferret43

ECON302 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Budget Constraint, Risk Premium, Real Wages

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