Social Psychology
Introduction
• Definition
o Area of psychology concerned with human behavior in relation to ourselves,
others, and groups
• Key issues
o How we interact with others
o How we think about ourselves and others
o How we behave in groups
We often act differently in groups than we do by ourselves
• Sociology vs. social psychology
o Perspective:
Social psychology: perspective in on individual
Sociology: understanding dynamics of group processes and groups
themselves
• Some of the main areas of social psychology
o Proxemics: personal space and territory and crowding
How people think about, relate to and utilize personal space
Crowding: subjective experience (depending on where you’re from)
Personal space (Hall): people have a personal space bubble that moves
around with us. It exists in relation to other people.
• It expands and contracts depending on circumstance and individual
• Form of communication (body language)
• 80% of what we communicate isn’t through words: raising and
lowering of voice, body language and position
Territory
• Different for animals and humans:
o What creates a need for a larger territory for animals?
Foraging and hunting
o Humans: wealth, status relate very strongly to territory in
humans
o Social cognition: ways people process information about themselves, others,
social situations and the world around them
o Social influence: how people influence each other’s actions, decisions and
judgments
What is it that makes us like/dislike other people?
o Interpersonal attraction
Relationships
o Cultural diversity
Social cognition
• How social information is perceived and processed by the mind (how it’s interpreted and
remembered by self and others) o First impressions make a larger impact than last impact
• How we make inferences from what we know about other people to what we don’t know
about other people
• Schema: general knowledge acquired from experience about an object, event, person , or
group (a set of assumptions which leads to a framework determining how we think and
behave)
• Schemata general knowledge about roles of groups
o Example: lawyer, doctor, teacher, etc.
• Scripts; general knowledge about events (what happens in particular situations)
o Example: how to act in different situations such as walking into a bank or movie
theater
o Note: Schema, schemata, and scripts are resistant to change
• Assimilation: fitting incongruent information into an existing schema
• Accommodation: the complete revision of schema
o Note: it is much easier for people to assimilate than to accommodate
o Note: although schema, schemata and scripts are resistant to change, we are
drawn to and intrigued by novel, incongruent information
• How information affects our schema, schemata and scripts depends upon
o The time we have to think about the new information
o Our ability to understand the new information in relation to our schema, schemata
and scripts
Background understanding: this can take some time to establish
o Our motivation to assimilate or accommodate
• How we remember information
o Primacy effect: impression weighted by early rather than by later information
o Recency effect: impression weighted by later rather than earlier information
Note: the primacy effect is generally stronger than the recency effect
Attribution
• Definition
o The process of explaining the cause of people’s behavior
• We can attribute cause as due to either internal sources (personality) or to external
sources (the situation)
o Ex. if you see a car drive by you recklessly do you attribute it to the person (e.g.
they are driving drunk) or the circumstance (they are racing to the hospital
because of an emergency)?
• We err in the direction of paying too little attention to external causes of behavior when
evaluating other people (Fundamental Attribution Error)
o Collectivist societies: attribution is focused on circumstance
o Individualist cultures: attribution is more focused on the individual
o Why do we err like this?
If someone is always influenced by the situation, it is difficult to predict
how they are going to behave in other situations • Whereas if we attribute it to their personality, we can assume they
will behave the same way in other situations
If someone behaves according to a set of internal principles and values, we
can better predict their behavior across situations. We like to believe that
we can pigeonhole or stereotype others
o When do we tend to make the fundamental attribution error?
With ourselves: we like to think of ourselves as being flexible and
adaptive (responding to the situation) and not as being rigid and inflexible
(ruled only by internal principles)
• Yet we are rigid and inflexible when viewing others
• Unless of course we have done something particularly noteworthy,
in which we tend to attribute cause internally and attribute it to
what we are like as an individual (self serving bias)
When in cultures that have collectivist values
Social influence
• Definition
o Changing peoples attitudes and beliefs
• Belief: a perception of factual matters what’s true and what’s false
• Attitudes: positive or negative evaluations of things
• Changing attitudes and beliefs
o Central: route: logic of the argument
o Peripheral: attractiveness of the person, neatness: if others seem similar to us, we
like them and this makes them seem believable
• Persuasive people use both central and peripheral techniques
Group behavior
• Group think: tendency for all members of a group to think alike and repress descent
• Group polarization: a group’s average decision is more extreme than those of the
individuals in the group
• Diffusion of responsibility: responsibility for action or an outcome is spread amongst
many people
• Deindividuation: individuals stop taking responsibility for their own actions (mobgang
behavior)
Social psychology: Culture
Introduction
• Different cultures display different behaviors, assumptions and values
• Often the behaviors, assumptions and values underlying one’s own culture are relatively
transparent until we interact with another culture
• Some of the key behaviors that differentiate cultures include:
o o Use of personal space and o Strength of role expectations
territory (male, female)
o Expressiveness o Significance of role and
o Pace of life religion
•
• The world is getting smaller and we are becoming more aware of other people cultural
differences how these differences can influence behavior and in turn characteristics of
the built environment that support culturally specific behavior can be subtle and profound
• One of the key ways that cultures can differ is in terms of individualistic and collectivistic
characteristics
o Collectivistic: emphasis is on the collective (group) and solidarity (Africa, South
America, Central America, India, Asia)
Family culture: often extended families are very close (live together)
o Individualistic: emphasis is on the individual
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