PHIL 202-3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Doreen Valiente, Starhawk, The White Goddess
PHIL 202
Ch. 12 New Religions and Movements (pt. 2)
Religions Inspired by Other Forms of Spirituality
Wicca: The Witchcraft Revival
• Gerald B. Gardner and Aleister Crowley—England
• Robert Graves: The White Goddess (1948)
• Doreen Valiente: The Book of Shadows (1953)
• Alex Sanders: Legends of the Witches (1969 film)
• Ray Buckland—United States
• California—The Covenant of the Goddess (1975)
o Umbrella organizations
Wicca, cot’d
• Zsuzanna Budapest
o Female only coven in 1971
o The Holy Book of Woe’s Mysteries (1980)
• Goddess and rituals for women
• Starhawk (Miriam Simos)
o Feminist empowerment
• Return to primal nature
• Challenge to patriarchal religions
Wicca, cot’d
• Eight sabbats (festivals)
o Fixed dates: Candlemas (Feb 1), May Day (May 1, Laas Aug 1, Hallowe’e
(Oct 31)
o Solar cycle: Spring and Autumn equinoxes, Summer and Winter solstices
• Symbols
o Circle
o The number four
• Four directions
• Four elements (earth, water, fire, air)
Scientology
• Founder: L. Ron Hubbard (1911–86)
o 1954
• Dianetics
o Dia (Greek: through), nous (Greek: mind or soul)
o Theory of what the soul does to the body
o Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health (1950)
• Latin scio (knowing), Greek logos (study)
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