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BIO211H5 Lecture Notes - Superheated Water, Seafloor Spreading, Oceanic Crust

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School
UTM
Department
Biology
Course
BIO211H5
Professor
Jessica Hawthorn

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Document Summary

A week from wednesday is your first exam. Fill in the correct bubble on the scantron sheet. There s a lot of material in the book that is not covered in the class. Oxygen is so good at measuring temperatures that we can actually get exact numbers. We can get the average temperature of the oceans at a given point in time. What we know by looking at sedimentary rock records is that there have been multiple episodes where there has been no ice, as well long periods where there has been ice. When we have polar ice, we call it an icehouse climate. When there is no polar ice, it is a greenhouse climate. Sea levels rise and fall as we go to and from icehouse and greenhouse environments. Yeah, warming is normal, but you just don t lose as much polar ice as we have naturally within a few decades.

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Related Questions

1

Assigned as

Homework

1

Which of the following will accelerate transformation of the landscape?

A

Wildfire

B

Increasing temperature

C

Drought

D

All of these answers are correct

Unanswered

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2

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Homework

2

Water vapor is a by-product of which of the following?

A

Wind hitting the turbulent surface of the oceans

B

Rain

C

Metabolism of plants and animals

D

Respiration in plants and animals

Unanswered

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3

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Homework

3

How does incomplete combustion occur?

A

Incomplete combustion, the reactant burns in oxygen, producing a limited number of products.

B

When there isn't enough oxygen to allow the fuel to react completely to produce carbon dioxide and water.

C

Incompletecombustion is a form of oxidation otherwise known as a fire, in which large amounts of heat and light energy are released, which often results in a flame.

D

Incomplete combustion is the slow, low-temperature, flameless form of combustion, sustained by the heat evolved when oxygen directly attacks the surface of a condensed-phase fuel.

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4

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4

The average car emits how many pounds of carbon dioxide a year?

A

10,000 pounds

B

3,000 pounds

C

8,000 pounds

D

12,000 pounds

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5

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5

Which of the following is a characteristic of methane?

A

A molecule released by one ant so that other ants can follow its path

B

A molecule released by a bee to signal nestmates to organize

C

Lifetime in the atmosphere is brief (10-12years)

D

A compound produced by a bacterium that inhibits nearby fungi.

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6

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6

Which of the following is the best sink for atmospheric methane?

A

The greenhouse gases

B

The carbon bases located on land

C

The hydrogen radical in the ocean

D

Hydroxyl radical in the troposphere

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7

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7

What would the temperature of the earth be without a natural greenhouse effect?

A

32 degrees F

B

18 degrees F

C

98 degrees F

D

9,941 degrees F

E

0 degrees F

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8

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8

Which of the following will affect the global population the most due to a changing climate?

A

Computer manufacturing

B

Adequate oxygen supplies

C

Landscape businesses

D

Adequate water supplies

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9

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9

A "carbon offset" is best defined as which of the following?

A

An increase of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for or to offset a greenhouse gas emission made elsewhere.

B

An industrial induced offset of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases made in order to deprive a greenhouse gas emission made elsewhere.

C

A reduction of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for or to offset a greenhouse gas emission made elsewhere.

D

An increase of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases made in order to maintain a greenhouse gas emission made elsewhere.

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10

What is the molecular explanation of why a decrease in oceanic pH will cause fish and coral death?

A

All three answers are correct

B

Acidic pH denatures proteins

C

Acidic pH denatures lipids

D

Acidic pH denatures carbohydrates

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Answered most of the questions. Can you tell me if my answers are correct? Last question of the month. Thank you. I appreciate it.

4. You perform electrophoresis on the product of a PCR and see that instead of the 300-base band you expected that there are five different bands.

What controls the specific sequence to which a PCR primer binds? Complementary sequence and annealing temperature control the specific sequence to which a PCR primer binds.

What are two factors that contribute to the annealing temperature of the primer? Two factors that contribute to the annealing temperature of the primer is primer length and the Guanine and Cytosine content.

What part of your thermal cycle protocol could you change, and how would you change it, to try and get rid of the extra bands?

To get rid of the extra band, we have to increase the annealing temperature.

If, after performing electrophoresis, there were no bands on the gel, what part of your thermal cycle protocol would you change, and how would you change it?

After performing electrophoresis, if there were no bands on the gel then we have to decrease the annealing temperature of the primer

5. If you are using a DNA sequence from a related species to design primers for your species of interest, why is it better to design your primers to complement an exon?

In related species there are similarities but their genetic makeup will not be the same. It is better to design your primers to complement an exon because ??

6. Why is it better to use a 25-base primer than a 10-base primer? Why do you have to have a lower annealing temperature for a 10-base primer?

It is better to use a 25-base primer than a 10-base primer because a 10-base primer is not long enough and may pair with a wrong portion of DNA, which would give wrong results. You have a lower annealing temperature for a 10-base primer because annealing temperature increases when the number of base pairs increase. If the temperature is too high the primer might not bind.

Identify the three steps in PCR and tell the function of each step.

Denaturation - when the double-stranded DNA is heated to 92-95℃ for about one minute, to separate it into two single strands.

Annealing - temperature of the reaction is lowered to a temperature that is between 45℃ and 65℃ to allow the DNA primers to attach to the template DNA.

Extension - temperature of the reaction is raised to a temperature between 45℃ and 65℃ and the new strand of DNA is made by adding nucleotides to the ends of the primers.

Climate change is a real and worsening phenomenon. Many people think that the effects of climate change are restricted to the increase in the Earth’s average temperature. As we will see this semester, this is certainly not the case. Even where global warming is the main driving force, it may not be the sole or even primary factor determining whether a species will survive or become extinct. For this week’s forum, read the blog Falling to the competition: how climate change forces species to collide and answer the questions that follow.

1. How do plants generally respond to global warming?

2. Elevated temperature associated with climate change is not the sole factor affecting plant survival. What other factor(s) may be involved?

3. If a plant fails to move to a higher elevation to adapt to warming, its chances for survival are much less than that of a plant that does. How do you explain this finding?

4. In what important way does the design of this study differ from what plants should expect to encounter in a real world scenario? What does this imply will be the strongest detriment to a plant’s survival in a warming world?