🏷️ LIMITED TIME OFFER: GET 20% OFF GRADE+ YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION →
Log in
HomeClass Notes1,200,000CA670,000

BIO372H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: C-Terminus, Pribnow Box, Transcription Bubble

106 views12 pages
skykoala223
8 Mar 2014
School
UTM
Department
Biology
Course
BIO372H5
Professor
Gordon Anderson

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Search dna for promoters, polymerase binds to promoters. If successful, dna opens up (acts like helicase) These are called board of transcripts, they end up in short fragments and get ejected. Only few are successful to go into elongation. Bubble is moving in the opposite direction, nucleotide is added in the 3" end. Notice the way letters are written (some are written in small/ capital letters) they represent the frequency - common in dna motifs. Any given promoter differs in one or more bases. If the promoter matches, it is a very strong promoter. We can look at areas protected by rna polymerase. We can look for regions of commonality - this can gives us candidates to be looked over in other experiments. We can look at transcriptional outputs (change nucleotide one at a time and compare the activity) There is an optimum distance between two boxes.

Get access

Grade+20% off
$8 USD/m$10 USD/m
Billed $96 USD annually
Grade+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
40 Verified Answers
Class+
$8 USD/m
Billed $96 USD annually
Class+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
30 Verified Answers

Related textbook solutions

Molecular Cell Biology
8 Edition,
Lodish
ISBN: 9781464183393
Biology: Science for Life with Physiology
6 Edition,
Belk
ISBN: 9780134555430
Concepts of Biology
OER Edition,
Openstax
ISBN: 9781938168116
Biology
2nd Edition, 2013
Openstax
ISBN: 9781947172517
Essentials of Biology
5 Edition,
Mader
ISBN: 9781259660269

Related Documents

BIO372H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Pyrophosphate, Ribonucleotide, Exonuclease
hassan_rizvi96
BIOCHEM 2B03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Trp Operon, Stem-Loop, Arginine
limepug436
BIOCHEM 2B03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Intron, Benzisoxazole, Operon
limepug436

Related Questions

1. In addition to identifying the genetic material, the experiments of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty with different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrated that
DNA is a double helix.
DNA may be taken up by bacterial cells and be active.
DNA is present in bacteriophage T2.
eukaryotic cells may be genetically transformed.
DNA binds to the cell wall of the bacterium.
2. In order to show that DNA in cell extracts is responsible for genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae, important corroborating evidence should indicate that _______ also destroy transforming activity.
temperatures high enough to kill cells
enzymes that hydrolyze proteins
enzymes that hydrolyze DNA
enzymes that hydrolyze polysaccharides
enzymes that hydrolyze RNA
3. Based on what you have learned about the experiments conducted by Griffith and Avery and colleagues with bacteria, which of the following would result in transformation of living R cells?
Pure RNA from S cells
Cell-membrane extracts from S cells
A mixture of pure RNA and protein from S cells
Cell-free extracts from S cells
Pure protein from S cells
4. A-T base pairs in a DNA double helix
form three hydrogen bonds with each other.
are more heat-stable than G-C base pairs.
are of a substantially different length than G-C base pairs.
are not accessible to DNA binding proteins.
are chemically distinct from G-C base pairs.
5. If 23 percent of the bases in a sample of double-stranded DNA are adenine, what percentage of the bases are uracil?
27
50
0
73
23
6. The uniform diameter of the DNA structure provides evidence for
antiparallel DNA strands.
a right-handed helix.
a double-stranded helix.
3′ end phosphorylation.
purine–pyrimidine pairing.
7. If a sequence of one strand of DNA is 5′-TGACTATC-3′, what is the complementary strand?
5′-ACTGATAG-3′
3′-TGACTATC-5′
3′-ACTGATAG-5′
3′-ACTGATAG-3′
5′-TGACTATC-3′
8. What structural aspect of the DNA facilitates dissociation of the two DNA strands for replication?
3′ end phosphorylation
Purine–pyrimidine pairing
Antiparallel DNA strands
Covalent bonds between sugars and phosphate groups
Hydrogen bonding between paired bases
9. If the Meselson–Stahl density gradient experiment had resulted in two bands of DNA molecules after only one round of replication, one containing only 15N and the second only 14N, this result would have indicated that replication was
unidirectional.
dispersive.
conservative.
bidirectional.

semiconservative.
10. The nucleoside analogue acyclovir, which is used to treat herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, lacks a 3′ hydroxyl group (–OH). Predict what will happen if the host cell DNA polymerase incorporates a molecule of acyclovir into an elongating strand of HSV DNA.
The replication complex will no longer bind to origins of replication.
The DNA polymerase will only incorporate acyclovir molecules.
Acyclovir will bind single-strand binding proteins.
DNA polymerase will not be able to link a successive nucleotide.
Acyclovir will block the activity of the DNA helicase.
11. Which of the following does not demonstrate the stability of the DNA double helix?
Single-strand binding proteins are required to keep the strands apart.
Paired bases form hydrogen bonds.
High temperatures are required to denature it.
DNA synthesis requires energy.
DNA helicases require ATP.
12. What effect would a primase inhibitor have on DNA replication?
DNA polymerase would not be able to add bases to the DNA.
Primase would be blocked from joining the DNA replication complex.
Primase would not be able to provide primers for DNA polymerases.
DNA polymerase would not be able to use DNA as a template.
There would be no effect on DNA replication.
13. To replicate their DNA in a timely manner, most eukaryotic chromosomes
normally have uncoiled DNA.
have multiple origins of replication.
contain linear molecules of single-stranded DNA.
have two replication forks that move in the same direction.
are composed entirely of DNA.
14. Which statement about DNA replication is false?
Okazaki fragments are synthesized as parts of the leading strand.
Error rates for DNA replication are reduced by proofreading of the DNA polymerase.
The sliding clamp increases the rate of DNA synthesis.
Replication forks represent areas of active DNA synthesis on the chromosomes.
Ligases and polymerases function in the vicinity of replication forks.
15. In many eukaryotes, there are repetitive sequences called telomeres at the ends of chromosomes. After successive rounds of DNA replication, the _______ strand becomes shorter. In some cells, an enzyme called _______ repairs the shortened strand.
leading; telomerase
lagging; telomerase
lagging; DNA polymerase I
leading; DNA polymerase I
leading; replicase
16. A researcher studies normal human fibroblast cells. They can be maintained in culture but die off after about 30 cell generations. Unexpectedly, a colony of cells continues to survive and divide past 30 generations. Which scenario is most likely true for these cells?
DNA polymerase is constantly active.
Primase is able to extend the telomeres.
The mismatch repair system is extra efficient.
The telomerase gene is being expressed.
The cells do not need the ends of their chromosomes.
17. If DNA polymerase III introduces an incorrect nucleotide, what is the first corrective action made by the DNA repair system?
The replication complex excises the incorrect nucleotide.
The excision repair proteins remove the incorrect nucleotide.
The mismatch repair system scans for base-pairing mismatches.
There is no correction, because nucleotide errors by DNA polymerases are not repaired.
DNA ligase connects the correct nucleotide.
18. Choose the correct order of the following four events in the excision repair of DNA:
(1) Base-paired DNA is made complementary to the template.
(2) Damaged bases are recognized.
(3) DNA ligase seals the new strand to existing DNA.
(4) Part of a single strand is excised.
1, 2, 3, 4
2, 1, 3, 4
3, 4, 2, 1
2, 4, 1, 3
4, 2, 3, 1
19. Six complete cycles of PCR should result in a _______-fold increase in the amount of DNA.
64
32
12
128
6
20. When double-stranded DNA is heated to temperatures above 90°C, it denatures. Denaturation is a process that
breaks covalent bonds.
hydrolyzes DNA.
separates double-stranded DNA into two single strands.
causes new hydrogen bonds to form.
irreversibly destroys the double helical structure.

Question 1

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The function of tRNA is to

Select one:

a. provide a site for polypeptide synthesis

b. transport amino acids to the ribosome

c. transcribe DNA

d. transform DNA

Question 2

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The lipid bi-layer is

Select one:

a. hydrophilic

b. hydrophobic

c. hydrophilic and hydrophobic

d. depends on the surrounding medium

Question 3

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Select one:

a. carbohydrates are generally hydrophilic molecules.

b. living things use carbohydrates for structure and for energy storage.

c. carbohydrates are composed principally of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

d. none of the above – they are all true

Question 4

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following terms correctly describes a compound featuring more than one double bond?

Select one:

a. saturated

b. polyunsaturated

c. monounsaturated

d. disaturated

Question 5

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are protected from modification by

Select one:

a. 5' caps

b. 5' poly-A caps

c. 3' caps

d. 5'-3' poly tails

Question 6

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The methods of membrane transport that don't require protein channels or carriers are

Select one:

a. osmosis

b. diffusion

c. phagocytosis

d. exocytosis

e. all of the above

Question 7

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Complete the following sentences: "Primary active transport is dependent on __________. Secondary active transport is dependent on __________ created by __________.

Select one:

a. channel proteins, electrochemical gradient, carrier proteins

b. electrochemical gradient, ATP, mitochondria

c. electrochemical gradient, ATP, primary active transport

d. ATP, electrochemical gradient, primary active transport

e. carrier proteins, electrochemical gradient, channel protein

Question 8

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following is a reduced compound?

Select one:

a. CO2

b. O2

c. N2

d. NAD +

e. NADH

Question 9

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their:

Select one:

a. base sequence

b. size

c. percentage of labelled nucleotides

d. electrical charge

Question 10

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

G0 is:

Select one:

a. part of interphase

b. the phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs

c. the phase of the cell cycle where two identical daughter cells are created

d. a special "resting" phase in which cells are in a non cycling state

e. a special phase where the number of chromosomes in a parent cell is reduced by half such that each daughter cell contains only one member of a pair of homologous chromosomes

Question 11

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

At which pH will the concentration of hydrogen ions be equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions?

Select one:

a. pH 1

b. pH 5

c. pH 7

d. pH 9

e. pH 14

Question 12

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following enzymes has proofreading activity?

Select one:

a. Ligase

b. Helicase

c. Topoisomerase

d. DNA polymerase

e. Peptidyl transferase

Question 13

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The process of _______________ cuts introns from the primary transcript and the final "processed" mRNA is produced.

Select one:

a. RNA cleaving

b. RNA translocation

c. RNA elongation

d. RNA splicing

Question 14

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to

Select one:

a. a promoter

b. an initiator

c. a transciptor

d. a codon

Question 15

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Complete the following sentences: "__________ connect the extracellular matrix with microfilaments. __________ connect intermediate filaments from adjacent cells."

Select one:

a. Cadherins, Integrins

b. Connexins, Cadherins

c. Integrins, Cadherins

d. Integrins, Connexins

e. Connexins, Integrins

Question 16

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following regions of RNAs are translated?

Select one:

a. 5' UTR

b. exons

c. introns

d. 3' UTR

e. poly-A

Question 17

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

Select one:

a. only the transcriptional level

b. epigenetic and transcriptional levels

c. epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels

d. epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels

Question 18

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Cellular organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes are called:

Select one:

a. peroxisomes

b. lysosomes

c. ribosomes

d. mesosomes

Question 19

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

______ are chemicals or combinations of chemicals that take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in order to keep the pH constant.

Select one:

a. acids

b. bases

c. salts

d. buffers

e. carbohydrates

Question 20

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following proteins appear in some stages of the cell cycle and are degraded at other stages?

Select one:

a. kinases

b. cyclins

c. nucleotides

d. phosphatases

e. none of the above

Question 21

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

Select one:

a. mitochondrion photosynthesis

b. nucleus cellular respiration

c. ribosome manufacture of lipids

d. lysosome movement

e. central vacuole storage

Question 22

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

What is the sequence corresponding to the following electropherogram obtained by Sanger sequencing (green: A; red:T; black: G; blue: C)?

Select one:

a. CCGTTATGAAC

b. GGCTTATGAAG

c. CAACTATTGCC

d. GGCAATAGTTG

e. CCGTTATCAAC

Question 23

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following statement is true

Select one:

a. the two DNA strands are parallel and complementary

b. the two DNA strands are anti parallel and non-complementary

c. the two DNA strands are anti-parallel and complementary

d. none of these

Question 24

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules is specifically called

Select one:

a. metabolism

b. anabolism

c. catabolism

d. enzymatic reactions

Question 25

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

When DNA replication starts

Select one:

a. the phosphodiester bonds between the adjacent nucleotides break

b. the bonds between the nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break

c. the leading strand produces Okazaki fragments

d. the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strand break

Question 26

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A(n)_______ is the movement of a segment of a chromosome from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome

Select one:

a. inversion

b. translocation

c. deletion

d. duplication

Question 27

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Complete the following sentences: "Replication forks from the same origin of replication extend __________. __________ DNA strand is used as template for the leading strand at one fork and for the lagging strand at the second fork. New DNA is synthesized from 5' to 3' on the __________."

Select one:

a. unidirectionally, A different, both the leading and lagging strands

b. bidirectionally, The same, leading strand

c. bidirectionally, The same, lagging strand

d. unidirectionally, A different, leading strand

e. bidirectionally, The same, both the leading and lagging strands

Question 28

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Manufacturing recombinant DNA molecules involves cutting a gene from its normal location, inserting it into a circular piece of DNA from a bacterial cell, and then transferring the circle of DNA to cells of another species. Which of the below describe the circular piece of DNA?

Select one:

a. restriction enzyme

b. plasmid

c. bacteriophage

d. transposon

Question 29

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Complete the following chemical equation to make it balanced: glycerol + ___ ? triacylglycerol + ___

Select one:

a. 3 fatty acid, 3 H2O

b. fatty acid, H2O

c. 3 OH-, 3 H+

d. 3 H2O, 3 fatty acid

e. fatty acid, 3 H2O

Question 30

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which structure is found in plant cells but not animal cells? Check all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Cell wall

b. Chloroplast

c. Plastid

d. Central vacuole

e. Lysosomes