POL322Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Positive Statement, Treatment And Control Groups, Internal Validity
Document Summary
Obstacles to establishing causality: reverse causality and simultaneous relationship, confounding variables an apparent relationship between x and y may not represent a true relationship. Research design strategies that reserachers can use to empirically test whether x causes y. First, what will becovered is the basic logic of experimental research. Theory and hypothesis: one or more fluffy making ingredients make a muffin fluffy, hypothesis eggs make a muffin fluffy, flour make a muffin fluffy. Muffin experiment: comparing a regular muffin with a muffin without a particular ingredient, comparing a muffin without flour to a muffin with everything in it, now we can ee that a muffin without. Incumbents of 2012 election: obama, romney, why do people use negative advertisements, a(cid:272)(cid:272)ordi(cid:374)g to fra(cid:374)k lu(cid:374)tz"s theor(cid:455), ads are desig(cid:374)ed to get the base engaged and inovolved, the goal is turnout, the negative advertisements increase voter turnout. In this way we can fix the barriers of any compounding variable between treatment and participant groups.
