SOC221H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Causal Inference, Natural Experiment, Spurious Relationship
Document Summary
One variable likely to cause change in another variable. Nomo: center on variables in order to analyze causal explanations: correlation. Relationship between income + the amount spends on food (graph #1: as income goes up = $ spent on food , positive correlation. High income = low debt: demonstrates a negative correlation, the variable goes up; the other variable goes down = opposite, time order. Gender + income: so(cid:373)eo(cid:374)e"s ge(cid:374)der (cid:894)al(cid:373)ost al(cid:449)a(cid:455)s(cid:895) (cid:272)o(cid:373)es (cid:271)efore the(cid:455) ear(cid:374) a(cid:374) i(cid:374)(cid:272)o(cid:373)e i(cid:374) ti(cid:373)e, when study the relationship, gender will be the independent variable; income is dependent, the thing happens first will be independent. Neighborhood of residence + committing a crime: can be both, nonspurious. Necessary: needs to be female to be pregnant. Sufficient: not taking the exam is sufficient to fail the exam: when there is other ways available: sufficient but not necessary.
