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PSL300H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, White Matter

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cerisetoad631
4 Nov 2016
School
UTSG
Department
Physiology
Course
PSL300H1
Professor
Alison Buchan

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Document Summary

The central nervous system (cns) is the brain and the spinal cord. Neurons outside the cns make up the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system, or pns, includes all neurons, and parts of neurons, outside the cns. The pns comprises the somatic nervous system, for controlling voluntary action via skeletal muscle, and the autonomic nervous system, for visceral functions such as heart rate and breathing. Part of the autonomic system is the enteric nervous system, which controls digestion and movements of the gut. It gets input from spinal cord, but can also work independently. The cns contains ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The brain has ~86 billion neurons, and the spinal cord ~1 billion. Estimates for the enteric nervous system range from 100 600 million, and the total for the pns is likely not much more. Cns and pns also have cells called glia, which support and protect neurons, and are about as numerous.

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Related Questions

-You are to make four straight-line moves over a flat desertfloor, starting at the origin of an xy coordinate system and endingat the xy coordinates (-102 m, 53 m). The x component and ycomponent of your moves are the following, respectively, in meters:(20 and 60), then (bx and -70), then (-20 and cy), then (-60 and-70). What are (a) component bx and (b) component cy? What are (c)the magnitude and (d) the angle (relative to the positive directionof the x axis) of the overall displacement?

-Two beetles run across flat sand, starting at the same point.Beetle 1 runs 0.53 m due east, then 0.71 m at 26o northof due east. Beetle 2 also makes two runs; the first is 1.58 m at49o east of due north. What must be the magnitude of itssecond run if it is to end up at the new location of beetle 1?

Consider a satellite of mass ms in a circular earth orbit. Anysatellite orbiting in the upper reaches of our atmosphere willexperience a small drag force, Fd, opposite to itsdirection of motion. This drag force will cause the satellite tospiral inward toward smaller orbital radii. In the process, theorbital velocity of the satellite actually increases! This problemwill investigate how a drag force can cause a body in orbit tospeed up.

The situation is sketched in Fig. 1. The diagram shows separateforce and velocity diagrams for the satellite. The mass of theearth is denoted me, while the mass of the satelliteis ms. The tangential velocity of the satellite isvt and the small radial velocity is acquires because itis spiraling inwards is vr. The size of vr isgreatly exaggerated in the diagram, and we can take vr<< vt and use vt as an adequateapproximation to the magnitude of the total velocity, v. We willcall θ the ‘angle of de- scent’.

Turning to the force diagram, we see that the total force actingon the satellite is the vector sum of F⃗d andF⃗g. Again, the drag force is much weaker than thegravitational force, so Fd << Fg . Wecan use this to our advantage by just considering the effect ofFg along the line of descent. We can see from thediagram that Fg has a component along the line ofdescent given by Fg sin(θ).

(a) First show how we arrive at the following two basicequations governing this system, and carefully describe thephysical meaning of the quantity msad inwords:

Fgsinθ−Fd = msad (1)

Fg = (ms*vt2)/r= G(msme)/r2 (2)

(b) We can find out more about ad and its relation tothe various forces and velocities by powerful

use of the chain rule for differentiation:

Explain Eq. 3 in your own words. Where did vr comefrom and why is the ≃ sign there?

ad = dv/dt = (dv/dr)*(dr/dt) =vr(dv/dr) ≃ vr(dvt/dr) (3)

(c) We can now make use of Eqs. 2 and 3 to show that:

msad = (1/2)Fg sinθ

If a virtual image is formed 9.0 cm along the principal axis from aconvex mirror of focal length –15.0 cm, how far is the object fromthe mirror?

2. A woman looking in a makeup mirror sees her face at twice itsactual size and right-side up. If she is 26.0 cm from the mirror,what is its focal length?

3. Which of the following best describes the image of a concavemirror when the object is at a distance greater than twice thefocal point distance from the mirror?
a. virtual, upright and magnification greater than one
b. real, inverted and magnification less than one
c. virtual, upright and magnification less than one
d. real, inverted and magnification greater than one

4. A convex mirror with focal length of ?18 cm forms an image 12 cmbehind the surface. Where is the object located as measured fromthe surface?

5. A convex mirror with a focal length of ?18 cm forms an image 15cm behind the surface. If the object height is 1.2 cm what is theimage height?

6. An object placed 14 cm from a concave mirror produces a realimage 8.0 cm from the mirror. If the object is now moved to a newposition 18.0 cm from the mirror, where is the new image located asmeasured from the mirror?

7. When the reflection of an object is seen in a concave mirror theimage will:

8. A candle is 40.0 cm in front of a convex spherical mirror ofradius of curvature 70.0 cm. What are the image distance and themagnification, respectively?

9. An object is 16.0 cm from the surface of a spherical Christmastree ornament that is 8.00 cm in diameter. What is themagnification of the image?

10. A solid glass sphere with a radius of 6.00 cm and index ofrefraction of 1.50 has a small coin embedded 3.00 cm from the frontsurface of the sphere. For the viewer looking at the coin throughthe glass, at what distance from the front surface of the glassdoes the coin’s image appear to be located?

11. A glass block, for which n = 1.52, has a blemish located 4.5 cmfrom one surface. At what distance from that surface does the imageof the blemish appear to the outside observer?

12. An object of length 2.00 cm is inside a plastic block withindex of refraction 1.50. If the object is viewed from directlyabove, what is the length of its image?

13. An object is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a thin convexlens along its axis. The lens has a focal length of 10 cm. What arethe values, respectively, of the image distance andmagnification?
14. An object is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a thin lensalong the axis. If a real image forms at a distance of 35 cm fromthe lens, on the opposite side from the object, what is the focallength of the lens?

15. A contact lens is made of plastic with an index of refraction1.50. The lens has an outer radius of curvature of +2.0 cm and aninner radius of curvature of +2.5 cm. What is its focallength?

16. A Young’s double slit has a slit separation of 2.50 ? 10?5 m onwhich a monochromatic light beam is directed. The resultant brightfringes on a screen 2.00 m from the double slit are separated by2.30 ? 10?2 m. What is the wavelength of this beam? (1 nm = 10?9m)

17. A Young’s double-slit apparatus is set up so that a screen ispositioned 1.9 m from the double slits, and the spacing between thetwo slits is 0.040 mm. What is the distance between alternatingbright fringes on the screen if the light source has a wavelengthof 630 nm? (1 nm = 10?9 m)

18. The blue tint of a coated camera lens is largely caused by whateffects?

19. What is the minimum thickness of a glycerin film (n = 1.47) onwhich light of wavelength 650 nm shines that results inconstructive interference of the reflected light? Assume the filmis surrounded front and back by air.

20. Light of wavelength 560 nm is incident on a slit of width 0.150mm, and a diffraction pattern is produced on a screen that is 2.00m from the slit. What is the width of the central bright fringe? (1nm = 10?9 m)

21. Light of wavelength 610 nm is incident on a slit of width 0.25mm, and a diffraction pattern is produced on a screen that is 1.5 mfrom the slit. What is the distance of the second dark fringe fromthe center of the bright fringe? (1 nm = 10?9 m)

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23. A diffraction grating with 12 000 lines/cm will exhibit thefirst order maximum for light of wavelength 510 nm at what angle?(1 nm = 10?9 m)

24. A beam of unpolarized light in air strikes a flat piece ofglass at an angle of incidence of 58.0°. If the reflected beam iscompletely polarized, what is the index of refraction of theglass?

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26. At what angle is the sun above the horizon if its light isfound to be completely polarized when it is reflected from the topsurface of a slab of glass (n = 1.65)?