ENV221H1 Lecture : Env 221 lec nov 22.docx

15. Stratospheric ozone depletion A. is caused by emissions of chlorofluorocarbons and related substances B. causes photochemical smog C. arises when atmospheric warming causes ozone to descend into the troposphere D. causes respiratory illness and eye irritations

1. Food resources are rarely distributed uniformly in theenvironment. Most vary seasonally or have a patchy distribution andcan become locally depleted. Give two possible responses of ananimal species to depleted food resources in the real world.Explain how they work to solve the problem of limited prey and givean example of an animal species that employs each strategy.

2. As the polar ice shirinks with rising global temperatures,brown bears are expanding their range into the historicaldistribution of their close relative, the polar bear. Could thisshift be explained by foraging strategy? If so, how?

Bond valuation

The process of bond valuation is based on the fundamental concept that the current price of a security can be determined by calculating the present value of the cash flows that the security will generate in the future.

There is a consistent and predictable relationship between a bond’s coupon rate, its par value, a bondholder’s required return, and the bond’s resulting intrinsic value. Trading at a discount, trading at a premium, and trading at par refer to particular relationships between a bond’s intrinsic value and its par value. These result from the relationship between a bond’s coupon rate and a bondholder’s required rate of return.

Remember, a bond’s coupon rate partially determines the interest-based return that a bond (might/will)...........pay, and a bondholder’s required return reflects the return that a bondholder(would like/is obligated).............to receive from a given investment.

The mathematics of bond valuation imply a predictable relationship between the bond’s coupon rate, the bondholder’s required return, the bond’s par value, and its intrinsic value. These relationships can be summarized as follows:

For example, assume Liam wants to earn a return of 5.00% and is offered the opportunity to purchase a $1,000 par value bond that pays a 8.75% coupon rate (distributed semiannually) with three years remaining to maturity. The following formula can be used to compute the bond’s intrinsic value(Link to the formula : http://q4pws.aplia.com/q4pws/rest/1.0/image/image9594/img.png?data=q4%3AREMOTE_URL%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Faplia-prod-webjboss-372923237.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com%2Fproblemsetassets%2Fq4_export%2Ffinance%2Fq4problems%2F3061500.08.xml%2CV5%2C291%2C1%2CSTUDENT%2CSTUDENT%2C0%2Cq4pws-aplia-7.6.4-G2f8d8babd91356776c6b2ec65d5e2a2153b4d346-B36-2015.12.16-03%3A57-PM-PST&oauth_signature=jG%2Fu63kSgI9xRhXign5JItWfpAQ%3D&oauth_version=1.0&oauth_nonce=3573483745&oauth_signature_method=HMAC-SHA1&oauth_consumer_key=q4-callback&oauth_timestamp=1454953012

Complete the following table by identifying the appropriate corresponding variables used in the equation.

unknown --------------------- variable name ---------------------variable value

A --------------------- (Bondholders required return/Bonds annual coupon payment/Bonds semiannual coupon payment)---------------------($21.88/$65.63/$87.50/$43.75)

B--------------------- (Bonds par value/bonds annual coupon payment/semiannual coupon payment) ---------------------$1000

C--------------------- semiannual required return -------------------- ($5.75/$3.81/$4.38/$2.5)

Based on this equation and the data, it is (reasonable/unreasonable)...................to expect that Liam’s potential bond investment is currently exhibiting an intrinsic value greater than $1,000.

Now, consider the situation in which Liam wants to earn a return of 5.75%, but the bond being considered for purchase offers a coupon rate of 8.75%. Again, assume that the bond pays semiannual interest payments and has three years to maturity. If you round the bond's intrinsic value to the nearest whole dollar, then its intrinsic value of ($757/$866/$1407/$1082).................is (equal to/greater than/less than).............................its par value, so that the bond is trading at (par/a discount/a premium)..............................

Given your computation and conclusions, which of the following statements is true?

(a)When the coupon rate is greater than Liam’s required return, the bond should trade at a discount.

(b)A bond should trade at a par value when the coupon rate is greater than Liam's required return

(c) When the coupon rate is greater than Liam’s required return, the bond's intrinsic value will be less than it's par value

(d) When the coupon rate is greater than Liam’s required return, the bond should trade at a premium