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BIOL 2080 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Cotyledon, Monocotyledon, Raceme

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orangehorse801
25 Mar 2016
School
University of Windsor
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOL 2080
Professor
Julie Smit

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Document Summary

Macronutrients are in grams because we need a lot of them. Macronutrients provide us with energy (especially carbohydrates and lipids) and they also provide the cell with structural materials so that other molecules can be made. All provide some structure and some energy. How much we should be eating depends on person. Focus on number of servings and their size. Not just enough to know number of servings. Need to consider things like age, sex. Looking at child vs. someone in 40s vs. senior: what they require is quite different. May need to adjust for level of activity (exercise) People have a low active level, some are very active. Depending on how active you are, it will make a difference in how many calories you need. Determine whether you are getting the right amount of calories in the body. Use this to try and come up with a balanced diet.

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Related Questions

The information given below comes from an ad for a genuine product that you can purchase, use your understanding of carbohydrate digestion and metabolism to write your analysis (no more than 150 words) concerning the veracity of the content of this ad. You may want to dig up some additional background material to support your arguments, but if so note that Wikipedia does not count


Carbo Grabbers with Chromium (60 Capsules)
Stock Number: 3070-7

Benefits:
Helps reduce the conversion of some starches to calories.
May help reduce available calories.
Minimizes the need to entirely avoid certain favored foods.
Helps the body’s efforts to maintain blood sugar levels already within the normal range.

How It Works:
Carbo Grabbers contains an amylase inhibitor derived from northern white kidney beans, which may help reduce the calories available to your body. It naturally and safely interferes with the digestion of starchy carbohydrates. Because the enzymatic breakdown of some dietary starch may be inhibited, these undigested starches can be carried through the intestinal tract where the body can eliminate them. This makes avoiding carbohydrates—a common practice among some dieters—a thing of the past!
We added 18 mg of patented, food-bound chromium per serving. Chromium helps transport glucose from the blood into the cells. This means Carbo Grabbers provides additional help toward maintaining blood sugar levels already within the normal range. Chromium may also have a positive effect on blood fat levels.

Ingredients:
18 mg chromium (15% of Daily Value) and white kidney bean extract.

Recommended Use:
Take 1–2 capsules up to three times daily before eating foods high in carbohydrates. Do not take in combination with digestive enzymes that contain proteases.

Background: In this assignment, you willinvestigate the chemical composition of the foods we eat as ourbodies break down food by the digestive process.

The USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory has posted a resourcethrough which you can investigate the chemical composition offoods. Go to the USDA Lab Link at USDA Nutrient DataLaboratory: http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/

Instructions

  1. Type in a keyword, then select a food group using the drop-downarrow, then click "submit."
  2. This pulls up a menu with lots of choices.
  3. Choose one food choice, then click "submit"
  4. Next choose a portion size, then click "submit"
  5. This will bring up the nutritional informationneeded to complete the assignment.

Example:

  • Keyword: Apple
  • Select Food Group: Fruits and FruitJuice
  • Apples, raw, with skin.
  • One medium

Assignmentdetails:

A. Nutrition: Analyze the nutritionalcomponents of the food you select; and in your own words, answerthe following questions using the USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory Website as listed in the unit Web resources:

  1. What was the food and portion size you chose?
  2. Describe its composition in terms of carbohydrates, lipids, andproteins.
  3. How many calories are in your food item? (Found in the Databaseas Energy – kcal)
  4. List some of the most common vitamins and minerals in this fooditem.
  5. Are there other important nutritional components of this fooditem? If so, list these. If not, say so.

B. Water:

  1. How much of your food item is water?
  2. Provide one reason why water is important for life. Toadequately answer this question, it will be necessary to explain areason for water’s importance based upon its chemical and /orphysical properties.

C. Biological Molecule:

  1. State the most abundant category of biological molecule in yourfood: carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins.
  2. Describe the structure of this type of molecule, and itsprimary function(s). This section will not be a one sentence answer.In order to adequately “describe†an entire category ofbiological molecules, you will need to briefly review their basicmolecular structures and functions.

D. Recommendation:

After identifying the nutritional components, discuss WHY youwould or would not recommend this food item as part of a healthy,nutritious diet. Be sure to use references and guidelines such asthe Food Pyramid and Recommended Daily Allowances to support yourrecommendations.

Based on “Morgan: A case of Diabetes” by Lisa Rubin and Clyde Freeman Herreid (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)

The Patient:

Morgan Water is a 27-year old Native American that lives on a reservation in Oklahoma. Nearly ¼ of Morgan’s tribe has diabetes but she has no direct family history of diabetes, heart disease, or other serious conditions. She is however obese (BMI = 32) and leads a sedentary lifestyle. Morgan has been suffering from an increasing persistence of symptoms including unusual thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, and numbness in her right foot. The symptoms have been developing over several months but as she is planning her wedding she attributed them to nerves. She is finally persuaded to see her family doctor. Her non-fasting blood glucose level was elevated so the doctor has her return the next morning for a fasting blood sample so they could more accurately measure her blood glucose and insulin. Her blood results are below:

Test

Morgan’s values

Normal range

Pre-Diabetic range

Diabetic range

Plasma glucose, mg/dl

260

70 -139

140 - 199

≥ 200

Fasting glucose, mg/dl

140

≤ 99

100 - 125

≥ 126

A1C, %

7.6

~ 5

5.7 – 6.4

≥ 6.5

Fasting Insulin, mIU/ml

34

2 - 10

10 - 20

≥ 20

The recommendation of Morgan’s doctor was to improve her exercise, good nutrition, and weight loss. He recommends meeting with a nutritionist to assist Morgan in her weight loss goals. When Morgan got home and told her family the diagnosis they however had LOTS of suggestions on how she can lose weight. Below is a description of the advice given to her by three family members.

Best friend Savannah:

“You know how I’ve been losing weight? Well, I’ve been on the Atkins’ Diet. I heard about it on TV. It’s great! You get to eat steak, chicken wings, and all the good stuff. All you have to do is limit carbohydrate intake. You should definitely give it a try. This diet has been around for years and it has worked for lots of people, including me.”

*Note: Atkin’s Diet recommends: 10% carbohydrates, 55% fats, 35% protein

Brother Alan:

“I think the best thing for you to do is exercise and stop eating all of that pizza and candy and food filled with fat. Our people never used to eat that junk. I say eat meals that are nutritionally balanced and high in fiber and low in refined sugars and saturated fats. And run a lot. Stop sitting around the house.”

Grandfather:

“Morgan, it is true that it is best to live in harmony and balance – to eat a nutritionally balanced diet that includes carbohydrates, proteins, and ‘good’ fats to meet your body’s needs. That is good. But look to your heritage. Our people were never overweight before we started eating ‘civilized’ food. Look to our native diet. I think you should look to traditional herbal remedies for help. What Alan says is true. Exercise is good. But it is sometimes not enough. Our people have always looked to natural medicine for cures. They will lift your spirits and energize you. Then you will lose weight and you will be healthy again. I hear the herbs from the diet shop are safe and good. But you must take them like the medicine label says. It can’t hurt to try them.”

*Note: these herbal supplements Morgan’s grandfather is recommending contain the herb

ephedra (ephedrine).

Question 5:

Given Morgan’s metabolic state, what is the primary fuel source for her cells currently?

A. Carbohydrates (glucose)

B. Fats

C. Proteins

D. It is a balance of all three

Question 6:

Metabolic ketoacidosis is a common problem with diabetics, which is caused by which of the following?

A. Excessive oxidation of fatty acids, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.

B. Excessive oxidation of glucose, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.

C. Excessive oxidation of proteins, leading to an accumulation of ammonia in the blood.

D. Hyperglycemia.

Question 7:

Which weight loss suggestion is designed to achieve some level of ketosis?

A. Atkins Diet

B. Exercise

C. High fiber diet

D. Herbal treatments

Question 8:

One major side effect of the herbal supplement can be hot flashes and increased perspiration due to increased thermogenesis, what is the likely cause of the heat production?

A. Increasing the activity of phosphfructokinase-1.

B. Increasing the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

C. Increasing the activity of citrate synthase.

D. Increasing the activity of uncoupling proteins.

Question 9:

Would substituting fiber and complex carbohydrates (larger % cellulose) for the simple sugars and starches (high sucrose and amylose/amylopectin) help Morgan lose weight, why?

A. Yes, because complex carbohydrates like cellulose are largely indigestible so they pass through

the digestive tract without being absorbed.

B. Yes, cellulose contains less glucose residues than amylose or amylopectin.

C. Yes, because the fructose in sucrose is much more responsible for weight gain than the glucose.

D. No, because cellulose, amylose, and amylopectin are all composed of glucose so it doesn’t

matter.

Question 10:

Which weight loss suggestion will lead to an increased need for gluconeogenesis?

A. Atkins Diet

B. Exercise

C. High fiber diet

D. Herbal treatments