NURS 1710 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Scientific Method, Concept Map, Health Promotion
Week Three (Sept. 29 - 28, 2017)
11-63-171
Introduction to Nursing
Potter and Perry: Chapter 5 (Pg. 54-58), Chapter 6 (Pgs.65 - 78) and Chapter 11 (Pgs. 80 - 92)
Chapter Five: Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice (Pgs. 54-58)
- Nursing Theory aims to organize knowledge about nursing to enable nurses to use it in a
professional and accountable manner. It provides a systematic view for explaining,
predicting or prescribing care.
- A theory is a purposeful set of assumptions of propositions that identify the relationships
between concepts. → Provides a systematic view for explaining, predicting, and
prescribing phenomena
Early Nursing Practice and the Emergence of Theory
- Florence Nightingale, a visionary leader in England created systems for nursing
education and practice and is credited with creating the model for nursing.
- After WWII, Nursing Science came into its own. No longer simply applying the
knowledge of other disciplines, nurses now began to acquire a unique body of
knowledge about the practice of nursing.
- Major developments in nursing theory occurred in the late 1960’s. The health care
system was changing.
- Disease intervention became more sophisticated.
- Focus of society shifted from attending sick and injured toward the problem of
curing and eradicating disease.
Nursing Process
- The Nursing Process was used for the development of the application of knowledge for
nurses (applying knowledge about practice to clinical encounters) . It involves four basic
steps:
Assessment: Nurses gather information (ie. biological, sociocultural, environmental,
spiritual, psychological) to create an understanding of the patient’s unique health or
illness experience. Organizing the data enables nurses to interpret major issues and
concerns and produce a nursing diagnosis: the nurse’s perspective on the appropriate
focus for the patient.
Planning Phase: Nurses prioritize the issues raised during assessment in relation to
nursing diagnosis. Create a plan of care.
Intervention Phase: The plan of care would be carried out.
Evaluation Phases: The plan’s success or failure would be judged both against the plan
itself and against the patient’s overall health status; determined if intended outcomes
had been achieved.
Conceptual Frameworks
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Week Three (Sept. 29 - 28, 2017)
11-63-171
- The builders of the conceptual framework (1960’s and on) are referred to as nursing
theorists.
- The building of nursing models was an attempt to theorize how all nurses might be
taught to organize and synthesize knowledge about nursing so that they would develop
advanced clinical reasoning skills.
-FOUR TYPES OF THEORIES
Metaparadigm Concepts
- Each conceptual framework was an attempt to define
nursing by creating a theoretical definition for the
substance and structure for determining the key bodies
of knowledge that would be needed to understand
particular clinical situations.. This collective body of
knowledge was called the metaparadigm concepts and
included the concepts of person, environment, health
care, and nursing care.
Client and Person
- In the 1960’s nurses starting using the term client rather than patient.
- Remember all of the social determinants of health and how it affects the person
Environment
- The person is part of and interacts with a complex environmental system. This
environment may involve the person’s family and social ties, the community, the
health care system, as well as the geopolitical issues that affect health.
Health
- Early theorists defined health as the ideal state of health of an individual.
- Although perfect health was not necessarily achievable, this broad
conceptualization guided nurses to help all clients reach outcomes that were
productive and satisfying.
Nursing
- Linked the views of the client with an understanding of the person’s environment,
life, and health goals.
Philosophy of Nursing Science
Scientific Revolutions
- Thomas S. Kuhn, a philosopher of science, created a way of thinking about
science and knowledge that expanded thought in many disciplines.
- According to Kuhn, scientific advances happen when people think creatively and
look beyond established norms.
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Week Three (Sept. 29 - 28, 2017)
11-63-171
- This new way of thinking about the philosophy of science led nurses to consider
their theoretical frameworks as not only theoretical propositions about logical
relationships among concepts, but as actual worldviews, or paradigms, that might
help them grasp the complexities of nursing
Complexity Science
- A second major shift in scientific thinking occurred with the introduction of chaos
theory
- In rejecting the simple cause-and-effect relationships used in traditional science,
chaos theory led to what has been termed complexity science
- Because experiences of health and illness are exceedingly difficult to understand
out of their individual context, chaos theory offered a new way to approach
nursing science
Ways of Knowing in Nursing Practice
- As ideas shifted, nursing theorists also realized that science was just one of several
forms of knowledge necessary for their practice discipline.
- In 1978, Carper published an influential paper in which she used the expression ways of
knowing to refer to patterns of knowledge application in nursing practice.
- Carper articulated a critical role in nursing practice not only for empirical science but also
for ethical, personal, and aesthetic knowledge
- Later theorists added socio- political knowledge and critical thinking to the list of central
ways of knowing that are essential to the highest quality of clinical nursing.
- Contributed to discussions around how nurses know what they know.
Potter and Perry
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Document Summary
54-58), chapter 6 (pgs. 65 - 78) and chapter 11 (pgs. Chapter five: theoretical foundations of nursing practice (pgs. Nursing theory aims to organize knowledge about nursing to enable nurses to use it in a professional and accountable manner. It provides a systematic view for explaining, predicting or prescribing care. A theory is a purposeful set of assumptions of propositions that identify the relationships between concepts. Provides a systematic view for explaining, predicting, and prescribing phenomena. Early nursing practice and the emergence of theory. Florence nightingale, a visionary leader in england created systems for nursing education and practice and is credited with creating the model for nursing. After wwii, nursing science came into its own. No longer simply applying the knowledge of other disciplines, nurses now began to acquire a unique body of knowledge about the practice of nursing. Major developments in nursing theory occurred in the late 1960"s.
